Blow O, Magliore L, Claridge JA, Butler K, Young JS The golden hour and the silver day: detection and correction of occult hypoperfusion within 24 hours improves outcome from major trauma. J Trauma. 1999 Nov;47(5):964-9.
Corley A, Barnett AG, Mullany D, Fraser JF Nurse-determined assessment of cardiac output. Comparing a non-invasive cardiac output device and pulmonary artery catheter: a prospective observational study. Int J Nurs Stud. 2009 Oct;46(10):1291-7. doi: 10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2009.03.013. Epub 2009 May 6.
Feissel M, Michard F, Faller JP, Teboul JL The respiratory variation in inferior vena cava diameter as a guide to fluid therapy. Intensive Care Med. 2004 Sep;30(9):1834-7. Epub 2004 Mar 25.
Jones AE, Kline JA Use of goal-directed therapy for severe sepsis and septic shock in academic emergency departments. Crit Care Med. 2005 Aug;33(8):1888-9; author reply 1889-90.
Marik PE, Baram M, Vahid B Does central venous pressure predict fluid responsiveness? A systematic review of the literature and the tale of seven mares. Chest. 2008 Jul;134(1):172-8. doi: 10.1378/chest.07-2331. Review.
Marik PE, Cavallazzi R, Vasu T, Hirani A Dynamic changes in arterial waveform derived variables and fluid responsiveness in mechanically ventilated patients: a systematic review of the literature. Crit Care Med. 2009 Sep;37(9):2642-7. doi: 10.1097/CCM.0b013e3181a590da. Review.
Michard F, Teboul JL Predicting fluid responsiveness in ICU patients: a critical analysis of the evidence. Chest. 2002 Jun;121(6):2000-8. Review.
Monnet X, Teboul JL Passive leg raising. Intensive Care Med. 2008 Apr;34(4):659-63. doi: 10.1007/s00134-008-0994-y. Epub 2008 Jan 23.
Perera P, Mailhot T, Riley D, Mandavia D The RUSH exam: Rapid Ultrasound in SHock in the evaluation of the critically lll. Emerg Med Clin North Am. 2010 Feb;28(1):29-56, vii. doi: 10.1016/j.emc.2009.09.010.
Sinclair S, James S, Singer M Intraoperative intravascular volume optimisation and length of hospital stay after repair of proximal femoral fracture: randomised controlled trial. BMJ. 1997 Oct 11;315(7113):909-12.
Sinert R, Spektor M Evidence-based emergency medicine/rational clinical examination abstract. Clinical assessment of hypovolemia. Ann Emerg Med. 2005 Mar;45(3):327-9.
Thiel SW, Kollef MH, Isakow W Non-invasive stroke volume measurement and passive leg raising predict volume responsiveness in medical ICU patients: an observational cohort study. Crit Care. 2009;13(4):R111. doi: 10.1186/cc7955. Epub 2009 Jul 8.
Emergency Department (ED) Flow-directed Fluid Optimization Resuscitation Trial (EFFORT)
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.
