Shock — Angiotensin II in the Perioperative Management of Hypotension in Kidney Transplant Recipients
Citation(s)
Aulakh NK, Garg K, Bose A, Aulakh BS, Chahal HS, Aulakh GS Influence of hemodynamics and intra-operative hydration on biochemical outcome of renal transplant recipients. J Anaesthesiol Clin Pharmacol. 2015 Apr-Jun;31(2):174-9. doi: 10.4103/0970-9185.155144.
Busse LW, Ostermann M Vasopressor Therapy and Blood Pressure Management in the Setting of Acute Kidney Injury. Semin Nephrol. 2019 Sep;39(5):462-472. doi: 10.1016/j.semnephrol.2019.06.006.
Choi JM, Jo JY, Baik JW, Kim S, Kim CS, Jeong SM Risk factors and outcomes associated with a higher use of inotropes in kidney transplant recipients. Medicine (Baltimore). 2017 Jan;96(1):e5820. doi: 10.1097/MD.0000000000005820.
Day KM, Beckman RM, Machan JT, Morrissey PE Efficacy and safety of phenylephrine in the management of low systolic blood pressure after renal transplantation. J Am Coll Surg. 2014 Jun;218(6):1207-13. doi: 10.1016/j.jamcollsurg.2014.01.058. Epub 2014 Mar 12.
Lankadeva YR, Kosaka J, Evans RG, Bellomo R, May CN Urinary Oxygenation as a Surrogate Measure of Medullary Oxygenation During Angiotensin II Therapy in Septic Acute Kidney Injury. Crit Care Med. 2018 Jan;46(1):e41-e48. doi: 10.1097/CCM.0000000000002797.
Toth M, Reti V, Gondos T Effect of recipients' peri-operative parameters on the outcome of kidney transplantation. Clin Transplant. 1998 Dec;12(6):511-7.
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.
