Sexually Transmitted Infections — STI/HIV Prevention Intervention for Adolescents in Singapore
Citation(s)
Kipke MD, Boyer C, Hein K An evaluation of an AIDS risk reduction education and skills training (ARREST) program. J Adolesc Health. 1993 Nov;14(7):533-9.
Sen P, Chio MT, Tan HH, Chan RK Rising trends of STIs and HIV infection in Singapore-- a review of epidemiology over the last 10 years (1994 to 2003). Ann Acad Med Singapore. 2006 Apr;35(4):229-35.
Wong ML, Chan RK, Tan HH, Sen P, Chio M, Koh D Gender differences in partner influences and barriers to condom use among heterosexual adolescents attending a public sexually transmitted infection clinic in Singapore. J Pediatr. 2013 Mar;162(3):574-80. doi: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2012.08.010. Epub 2012 Sep 20.
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.
