Clements-Nolle K, Marx R, Katz M Attempted suicide among transgender persons: The influence of gender-based discrimination and victimization. J Homosex. 2006;51(3):53-69.
Dietrich W, Haitel A, Huber JC, Reiter WJ Expression of estrogen receptors in human corpus cavernosum and male urethra. J Histochem Cytochem. 2004 Mar;52(3):355-60.
Jarolím L, Šedý J, Schmidt M, Nanka O, Foltán R, Kawaciuk I Gender reassignment surgery in male-to-female transsexualism: A retrospective 3-month follow-up study with anatomical remarks. J Sex Med. 2009 Jun;6(6):1635-1644. doi: 10.1111/j.1743-6109.2009.01245.x. Epub 2009 Mar 30.
Kailas M, Lu HMS, Rothman EF, Safer JD PREVALENCE AND TYPES OF GENDER-AFFIRMING SURGERY AMONG A SAMPLE OF TRANSGENDER ENDOCRINOLOGY PATIENTS PRIOR TO STATE EXPANSION OF INSURANCE COVERAGE. Endocr Pract. 2017 Jul;23(7):780-786. doi: 10.4158/EP161727.OR. Epub 2017 Apr 27.
Kuhn A, Hiltebrand R, Birkhäuser M Do transsexuals have micturition disorders? Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol. 2007 Apr;131(2):226-30. Epub 2006 May 5.
Kuhn A, Santi A, Birkhäuser M Vaginal prolapse, pelvic floor function, and related symptoms 16 years after sex reassignment surgery in transsexuals. Fertil Steril. 2011 Jun;95(7):2379-82. doi: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2011.03.029. Epub 2011 Apr 2.
Lawrence AA Patient-reported complications and functional outcomes of male-to-female sex reassignment surgery. Arch Sex Behav. 2006 Dec;35(6):717-27. Epub 2006 Nov 16.
Revol M, Servant JM, Banzet P [Surgical treatment of male-to-female transsexuals: a ten-year experience assessment]. Ann Chir Plast Esthet. 2006 Dec;51(6):499-511. Epub 2006 Apr 19. French.
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.
