Banks L, Wells GD, McCrindle BW Cardiac energy metabolism is positively associated with skeletal muscle energy metabolism in physically active adolescents and young adults. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab. 2014 Mar;39(3):363-8. doi: 10.1139/apnm-2013-0312. Epub
Carre JE, Singer M Cellular energetic metabolism in sepsis: the need for a systems approach. Biochim Biophys Acta. 2008 Jul-Aug;1777(7-8):763-71. doi: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2008.04.024. Epub 2008 Apr 23.
Chagnon F, Bentourkia M, Lecomte R, Lessard M, Lesur O Endotoxin-induced heart dysfunction in rats: assessment of myocardial perfusion and permeability and the role of fluid resuscitation. Crit Care Med. 2006 Jan;34(1):127-33. doi: 10.1097/01.ccm.0000190
Doenst T, Nguyen TD, Abel ED Cardiac metabolism in heart failure: implications beyond ATP production. Circ Res. 2013 Aug 30;113(6):709-24. doi: 10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.113.300376.
Duncan DJ, Yang Z, Hopkins PM, Steele DS, Harrison SM TNF-alpha and IL-1beta increase Ca2+ leak from the sarcoplasmic reticulum and susceptibility to arrhythmia in rat ventricular myocytes. Cell Calcium. 2010 Apr;47(4):378-86. doi: 10.1016/j.ceca.2010.02
Feng J, Zhao H, Du M, Wu X The effect of apelin-13 on pancreatic islet beta cell mass and myocardial fatty acid and glucose metabolism of experimental type 2 diabetic rats. Peptides. 2019 Apr;114:1-7. doi: 10.1016/j.peptides.2019.03.006. Epub 2019 Apr 4.
Kakihana Y, Ito T, Nakahara M, Yamaguchi K, Yasuda T Sepsis-induced myocardial dysfunction: pathophysiology and management. J Intensive Care. 2016 Mar 23;4:22. doi: 10.1186/s40560-016-0148-1. eCollection 2016.
Karwi QG, Uddin GM, Ho KL, Lopaschuk GD Loss of Metabolic Flexibility in the Failing Heart. Front Cardiovasc Med. 2018 Jun 6;5:68. doi: 10.3389/fcvm.2018.00068. eCollection 2018.
Li Z, He Q, Wu C, Chen L, Bi F, Zhou Y, Shan H Apelin shorten QT interval by inhibiting Kir2.1/IK1 via a PI3K way in acute myocardial infarction. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2019 Sep 17;517(2):272-277. doi: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2019.07.041. Epub 2019 Jul 23.
Lopaschuk GD Metabolic Modulators in Heart Disease: Past, Present, and Future. Can J Cardiol. 2017 Jul;33(7):838-849. doi: 10.1016/j.cjca.2016.12.013. Epub 2016 Dec 21.
Mehrotra D, Wu J, Papangeli I, Chun HJ Endothelium as a gatekeeper of fatty acid transport. Trends Endocrinol Metab. 2014 Feb;25(2):99-106. doi: 10.1016/j.tem.2013.11.001. Epub 2013 Dec 3.
Merx MW, Weber C Sepsis and the heart. Circulation. 2007 Aug 14;116(7):793-802. doi: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.106.678359.
Neely JR, Rovetto MJ, Oram JF Myocardial utilization of carbohydrate and lipids. Prog Cardiovasc Dis. 1972 Nov-Dec;15(3):289-329. doi: 10.1016/0033-0620(72)90029-1. No abstract available.
Panitchote A, Thiangpak N, Hongsprabhas P, Hurst C Energy expenditure in severe sepsis or septic shock in a Thai Medical Intensive Care Unit. Asia Pac J Clin Nutr. 2017;26(5):794-797. doi: 10.6133/apjcn.072016.10.
Pascual F, Coleman RA Fuel availability and fate in cardiac metabolism: A tale of two substrates. Biochim Biophys Acta. 2016 Oct;1861(10):1425-33. doi: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2016.03.014. Epub 2016 Mar 16.
Reddy YN, Borlaug BA Heart Failure With Preserved Ejection Fraction. Curr Probl Cardiol. 2016 Apr;41(4):145-88. doi: 10.1016/j.cpcardiol.2015.12.002. Epub 2015 Dec 9.
Wu AH Increased troponin in patients with sepsis and septic shock: myocardial necrosis or reversible myocardial depression? Intensive Care Med. 2001 Jun;27(6):959-61. doi: 10.1007/s001340100970. No abstract available.
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.