Engelbrecht L, Grobler CJ, Rheeders M A simple and cost-effective HPLC-UV method for the detection of levetiracetam in plasma/serum of patients with epilepsy. Biomed Chromatogr. 2017 Oct;31(10). doi: 10.1002/bmc.3969. Epub 2017 Apr 20. Review.
Jarvie D, Mahmoud SH Therapeutic Drug Monitoring of Levetiracetam in Select Populations. J Pharm Pharm Sci. 2018;21(1s):149s-176s. doi: 10.18433/jpps30081. Review.
Patsalos PN Clinical pharmacokinetics of levetiracetam. Clin Pharmacokinet. 2004;43(11):707-24. Review.
Shiue HJ, Taylor M, Sands KA Comparison of Levetiracetam Dosing Regimens in End-Stage Renal Disease Patients Undergoing Intermittent Hemodialysis. Ann Pharmacother. 2017 Oct;51(10):862-865. doi: 10.1177/1060028017713294. Epub 2017 Jun 5.
Wieruszewski PM, Kashani KB, Rabinstein AA, Frazee E Levetiracetam Pharmacokinetics in a Critically Ill Anephric Patient on Intermittent Hemodialysis. Neurocrit Care. 2018 Apr;28(2):243-246. doi: 10.1007/s12028-017-0441-4.
Yamamoto J, Toublanc N, Kumagai Y, Stockis A Levetiracetam pharmacokinetics in Japanese subjects with renal impairment. Clin Drug Investig. 2014 Nov;34(11):819-28. doi: 10.1007/s40261-014-0237-7.
The Study of Pharmacokinetics of Levetiracetam in Patients Undergoing Intermittent Hemodialysis
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.
