Scoliosis — Pharmacogenomics of Methadone in Spine Fusion Surgery
Citation(s)
Apfelbaum JL, Gan TJ, Zhao S, Hanna DB, Chen C Reliability and validity of the perioperative opioid-related symptom distress scale. Anesth Analg. 2004 Sep;99(3):699-709, table of contents.
Bowdle TA, Even A, Shen DD, Swardstrom M Methadone for the induction of anesthesia: plasma histamine concentration, arterial blood pressure, and heart rate. Anesth Analg. 2004 Jun;98(6):1692-7, table of contents.
Carroll IR, Angst MS, Clark JD Management of perioperative pain in patients chronically consuming opioids. Reg Anesth Pain Med. 2004 Nov-Dec;29(6):576-91. Review.
Chou WY, Wang CH, Liu PH, Liu CC, Tseng CC, Jawan B Human opioid receptor A118G polymorphism affects intravenous patient-controlled analgesia morphine consumption after total abdominal hysterectomy. Anesthesiology. 2006 Aug;105(2):334-7.
Chui PT, Gin T A double-blind randomised trial comparing postoperative analgesia after perioperative loading doses of methadone or morphine. Anaesth Intensive Care. 1992 Feb;20(1):46-51.
Gottschalk A, Durieux ME, Nemergut EC Intraoperative methadone improves postoperative pain control in patients undergoing complex spine surgery. Anesth Analg. 2011 Jan;112(1):218-23. doi: 10.1213/ANE.0b013e3181d8a095. Epub 2010 Apr 24.
Gourlay GK, Wilson PR, Glynn CJ Pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics of methadone during the perioperative period. Anesthesiology. 1982 Dec;57(6):458-67.
Jadad AR, Browman GP The WHO analgesic ladder for cancer pain management. Stepping up the quality of its evaluation. JAMA. 1995 Dec 20;274(23):1870-3. Review.
Joris J, Kaba A, Lamy M Transition between anesthesia and post-operative analgesia: relevance of intra-operative administration of analgesics. Acta Anaesthesiol Belg. 2001;52(3):271-9. Review.
Liu N, Kuhlman G, Dalibon N, Moutafis M, Levron JC, Fischler M A randomized, double-blinded comparison of intrathecal morphine, sufentanil and their combination versus IV morphine patient-controlled analgesia for postthoracotomy pain. Anesth Analg. 2001 Jan;92(1):31-6.
Myles PS, Hunt JO, Fletcher H Measuring health status (quality of recovery?) after anesthesia and surgery. Anesth Analg. 2001 Jan;92(1):281.
Parker RK, Holtmann B, White PF Effects of a nighttime opioid infusion with PCA therapy on patient comfort and analgesic requirements after abdominal hysterectomy. Anesthesiology. 1992 Mar;76(3):362-7.
Rajaee SS, Bae HW, Kanim LE, Delamarter RB Spinal fusion in the United States: analysis of trends from 1998 to 2008. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2012 Jan 1;37(1):67-76. doi: 10.1097/BRS.0b013e31820cccfb.
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.
