Scoliosis; Adolescence — Erector Spinae Plane Blockade in Pediatric Scoliosis Surgery Patients
Citation(s)
Almeida CR, Oliveira AR, Cunha P Continuous Bilateral Erector of Spine Plane Block at T8 for Extensive Lumbar Spine Fusion Surgery: Case Report. Pain Pract. 2019 Jun;19(5):536-540. doi: 10.1111/papr.12774. Epub 2019 Mar 15.
Demmy TL, Nwogu C, Solan P, Yendamuri S, Wilding G, DeLeon O Chest tube-delivered bupivacaine improves pain and decreases opioid use after thoracoscopy. Ann Thorac Surg. 2009 Apr;87(4):1040-6; discussion 1046-7. doi: 10.1016/j.athoracsur.2008.12.099.
Forero M, Adhikary SD, Lopez H, Tsui C, Chin KJ The Erector Spinae Plane Block: A Novel Analgesic Technique in Thoracic Neuropathic Pain. Reg Anesth Pain Med. 2016 Sep-Oct;41(5):621-7. doi: 10.1097/AAP.0000000000000451.
Kline J, Chin KJ Modified dual-injection lumbar erector spine plane (ESP) block for opioid-free anesthesia in multilevel lumbar laminectomy. Korean J Anesthesiol. 2019 Apr;72(2):188-190. doi: 10.4097/kja.d.18.00289. Epub 2018 Nov 2. No abstract available.
Kose HC, Kose SG, Thomas DT Lumbar versus thoracic erector spinae plane block: Similar nomenclature, different mechanism of action. J Clin Anesth. 2018 Aug;48:1. doi: 10.1016/j.jclinane.2018.03.026. Epub 2018 Apr 9. No abstract available.
Melvin JP, Schrot RJ, Chu GM, Chin KJ Low thoracic erector spinae plane block for perioperative analgesia in lumbosacral spine surgery: a case series. Can J Anaesth. 2018 Sep;65(9):1057-1065. doi: 10.1007/s12630-018-1145-8. Epub 2018 Apr 27.
Sheffer BW, Kelly DM, Rhodes LN, Sawyer JR Perioperative Pain Management in Pediatric Spine Surgery. Orthop Clin North Am. 2017 Oct;48(4):481-486. doi: 10.1016/j.ocl.2017.06.004. Epub 2017 Jul 15.
Wheeler M, Oderda GM, Ashburn MA, Lipman AG Adverse events associated with postoperative opioid analgesia: a systematic review. J Pain. 2002 Jun;3(3):159-80. doi: 10.1054/jpai.2002.123652. No abstract available.
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.
