Gebhard RE, Nielsen KC, Pietrobon R, Missair A, Williams BA Diabetes mellitus, independent of body mass index, is associated with a "higher success" rate for supraclavicular brachial plexus blocks. Reg Anesth Pain Med. 2009 Sep-Oct;34(5):404-7. doi: 10.1097/AAP.0b013e3181ada58d.
Kalichman MW, Calcutt NA Local anesthetic-induced conduction block and nerve fiber injury in streptozotocin-diabetic rats. Anesthesiology. 1992 Nov;77(5):941-7.
Kroin JS, Buvanendran A, Tuman KJ, Kerns JM Effect of acute versus continuous glycemic control on duration of local anesthetic sciatic nerve block in diabetic rats. Reg Anesth Pain Med. 2012 Nov-Dec;37(6):595-600. doi: 10.1097/AAP.0b013e31826742fd.
Sertoz N, Deniz MN, Ayanoglu HO Relationship between glycosylated hemoglobin level and sciatic nerve block performance in diabetic patients. Foot Ankle Int. 2013 Jan;34(1):85-90. doi: 10.1177/1071100712460366.
The Difference in Duration of Sciatic Nerve Block Between Diabetic and Non-diabetic Patients
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.
