Schizophrenia — An Open-Label Trial of Tocilizumab in Schizophrenia
Citation(s)
Behrens MM, Ali SS, Dugan LL Interleukin-6 mediates the increase in NADPH-oxidase in the ketamine model of schizophrenia. J Neurosci. 2008 Dec 17;28(51):13957-66. doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.4457-08.2008.
Brown AS, Derkits EJ Prenatal infection and schizophrenia: a review of epidemiologic and translational studies. Am J Psychiatry. 2010 Mar;167(3):261-80. doi: 10.1176/appi.ajp.2009.09030361. Epub 2010 Feb 1. Review.
Laan W, Grobbee DE, Selten JP, Heijnen CJ, Kahn RS, Burger H Adjuvant aspirin therapy reduces symptoms of schizophrenia spectrum disorders: results from a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. J Clin Psychiatry. 2010 May;71(5):520-7. doi: 10.4088/JCP.09m05117yel.
Marsland AL, Gianaros PJ, Abramowitch SM, Manuck SB, Hariri AR Interleukin-6 covaries inversely with hippocampal grey matter volume in middle-aged adults. Biol Psychiatry. 2008 Sep 15;64(6):484-90. doi: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2008.04.016. Epub 2008 Jun 2.
Miller BJ, Buckley P, Seabolt W, Mellor A, Kirkpatrick B Meta-analysis of cytokine alterations in schizophrenia: clinical status and antipsychotic effects. Biol Psychiatry. 2011 Oct 1;70(7):663-71. doi: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2011.04.013. Epub 2011 Jun 8.
Müller N, Riedel M, Schwarz MJ, Engel RR Clinical effects of COX-2 inhibitors on cognition in schizophrenia. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2005 Apr;255(2):149-51. Epub 2004 Nov 19.
Romero E, Guaza C, Castellano B, Borrell J Ontogeny of sensorimotor gating and immune impairment induced by prenatal immune challenge in rats: implications for the etiopathology of schizophrenia. Mol Psychiatry. 2010 Apr;15(4):372-83. doi: 10.1038/mp.2008.44. Epub 2008 Apr 15.
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.