Miller B, Mellor A, Buckley PF Interleukin-6 and Cognition in Non-Affective Psychosis. Schizophr Bull 2013; 39: S242-S243.
Miller BJ, Buckley P, Seabolt W, Mellor A, Kirkpatrick B Meta-analysis of cytokine alterations in schizophrenia: clinical status and antipsychotic effects. Biol Psychiatry. 2011 Oct 1;70(7):663-71. doi: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2011.04.013. Epub 2011 Jun 8.
Miller BJ, Dias JK, Lemos HP, Buckley PF An open-label, pilot trial of adjunctive tocilizumab in schizophrenia. J Clin Psychiatry. 2016 Feb;77(2):275-6. doi: 10.4088/JCP.15l09920. No abstract available.
Miller BJ, Timonen M, Isohanni M Cytokine abnormalities, inflammation and psychosis in the northern finland 1966 birth cohort. European Psychiatry 2014; 29: S519.
Nitta M, Kishimoto T, Muller N, Weiser M, Davidson M, Kane JM, Correll CU Adjunctive use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs for schizophrenia: a meta-analytic investigation of randomized controlled trials. Schizophr Bull. 2013 Nov;39(6):1230-41. doi: 10.1093/schbul/sbt070. Epub 2013 May 29.
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.
