Olds DL, Henderson CR Jr, Kitzman H Does prenatal and infancy nurse home visitation have enduring effects on qualities of parental caregiving and child health at 25 to 50 months of life? Pediatrics. 1994 Jan;93(1):89-98.
Olds DL, Henderson CR Jr, Tatelbaum R, Chamberlin R Improving the life-course development of socially disadvantaged mothers: a randomized trial of nurse home visitation. Am J Public Health. 1988 Nov;78(11):1436-45.
Olds DL, Henderson CR Jr, Tatelbaum R Intellectual impairment in children of women who smoke cigarettes during pregnancy. Pediatrics. 1994 Feb;93(2):221-7. Erratum in: Pediatrics 1994 Jun;93(6 Pt 1):973.
Olds DL, Henderson CR Jr, Tatelbaum R Prevention of intellectual impairment in children of women who smoke cigarettes during pregnancy. Pediatrics. 1994 Feb;93(2):228-33. Erratum in: Pediatrics 1994 Jun;93(6 Pt 1):973.
Longitudinal Follow Up of Subjects Enrolled in Randomized Trials of Prenatal and Infancy Home Visitation
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.
