CATHCART ES, SPODICK DH Rheumatoid heart disease. A study of the incidence and nature of cardiac lesions in rheumatoid arthritis. N Engl J Med. 1962 May 10;266:959-64. doi: 10.1056/NEJM196205102661901. No abstract available.
Han B, Jiang H, Liu Z, Zhang Y, Zhao L, Lu K, Xi J CTLA4-Ig relieves inflammation in murine models of coxsackievirus B3-induced myocarditis. Can J Cardiol. 2012 Mar-Apr;28(2):239-44. doi: 10.1016/j.cjca.2011.11.014. Epub 2012 Feb 14.
LEBOWITZ WB The heart in rheumatoid arthritis (rheumatoid disease). A clinical and pathological study of sixty-two cases. Ann Intern Med. 1963 Jan;58:102-23. doi: 10.7326/0003-4819-58-1-102. No abstract available.
Liu W, Gao C, Zhou BG, Li WM Effects of adenovirus-mediated gene transfer of ICOSIg and CTLA4Ig fusion protein on experimental autoimmune myocarditis. Autoimmunity. 2006 Mar;39(2):83-92. doi: 10.1080/08916930500507870.
Matsui Y, Inobe M, Okamoto H, Chiba S, Shimizu T, Kitabatake A, Uede T Blockade of T cell costimulatory signals using adenovirus vectors prevents both the induction and the progression of experimental autoimmune myocarditis. J Mol Cell Cardiol. 2002 Mar;34(3):279-95. doi: 10.1006/jmcc.2001.1511.
Sihvonen S, Korpela M, Laippala P, Mustonen J, Pasternack A Death rates and causes of death in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: a population-based study. Scand J Rheumatol. 2004;33(4):221-7. doi: 10.1080/03009740410005845. Erratum In: Scand J Rheumatol. 2006 Jul-Aug;35(4):332.
SOKOLOFF L CARDIAC INVOLVEMENT IN RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS AND ALLIED DISORDERS: CURRENT CONCEPTS. Mod Concepts Cardiovasc Dis. 1964 Apr;33:847-50. No abstract available.
Symmons DP, Jones MA, Scott DL, Prior P Longterm mortality outcome in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: early presenters continue to do well. J Rheumatol. 1998 Jun;25(6):1072-7.
Varricchi G, Galdiero MR, Tocchetti CG Cardiac Toxicity of Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors: Cardio-Oncology Meets Immunology. Circulation. 2017 Nov 21;136(21):1989-1992. doi: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.117.029626. No abstract available.
Wolfe F, Freundlich B, Straus WL Increase in cardiovascular and cerebrovascular disease prevalence in rheumatoid arthritis. J Rheumatol. 2003 Jan;30(1):36-40.
Effects of Abatacept on Myocarditis in Rheumatoid Arthritis
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.
