Rheumatoid Arthritis — Clinical Study Evaluating the Effect of Carvedilol in Patients With Active Rheumatoid Arthritis
Citation(s)
Ahmed YM, Messiha BA and Abo-Saif AA Granisetron and carvedilol can protect experimental rats against adjuvant-induced arthritis. Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol., 2017; 39(2):97-104. Aletaha D, and Smolen JS. Diagnosis and Management of Rheumatoid Arthritis: A Review. JAMA. 2018; 320 (13):1360-1372. Aletaha D, Neogi T, Silman AJ, et al. 2010 Rheumatoid arthritis classification criteria: an American College of Rheumatology/European League Against Rheumatism collaborative initiative. Arthritis Rheum. 2010;62(9):2569-2581. Arab HH and El-Sawalhi MM. Carvedilol alleviates adjuvant-induced arthritis and subcutaneous air pouch edema: Modulation of oxidative stress and inflammatory mediators. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol., 2013;268(2):241-248. Dijkshoorn B, Raadsen R and Nurmohamed MT. Cardiovascular Disease Risk in Rheumatoid Arthritis Anno 2022. J Clin Med., 2022 ;11(10):2704. El Miedany Y, El Gaafary M, Youssef SS, et al. Validity of the Developed Arabic Multidimensional Health Assessment Questionnaire for use in standard clinical care of patients with rheumatic diseases. Int J Rheum Dis., 2008; 11:224-236. Giollo A, Bissell LA and Buch MH. Cardiovascular outcomes of patients with rheumatoid arthritis prescribed disease modifying anti-rheumatic drugs: A review. Expert Opin Drug Saf., 2018 ;17(7):697-708. Guo Q, Wang Y, Xu D, et al. Rheumatoid arthritis: Pathological mechanisms and modern pharmacologic therapies. Bone Res., 2018; 6:15.
Clinical Study Evaluating the Effect of Carvedilol in Patients With Active Rheumatoid Arthritis
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.
