Retinopathy of Prematurity — Role of Cord Blood Cytokines and Perinatal Factors in Prediction of Retinopathy of Prematurity
Citation(s)
1 Zin A, Gole GA. Retinopathy of prematurity-incidence today. Clin Perinatol. 2013;40:185-200. PMID: 23719304 DOI: 10.1016/j.clp.2013.02.001 2. Blencowe H, Lawn JE, Vazquez T, Fielder A, Gilbert C. Preterm-associated visual impairment and estimates of retinopathy of prematurity at regional and global levels for 2010. Pediatr Res. 2013;74(Suppl 1):35-49. Pediatr Res. 2013 Dec;74 Suppl 1(Suppl 1):17-34. doi: 10.1038/pr.2013.204.PMID: 24366461 3. Austeng D, Kallen KB, Ewald UW, Jakobsson PG, Holmstrom GE. Incidence of retinopathy of prematurity in infants born before 27 weeks' gestation in Sweden. Arch Ophthalmol. 2009;127:1315-9. PMID: 19822848 DOI: 10.1001/archophthalmol.2009.244 4. Lynch AM, Wagner BD, Hodges JK, et al. The relationship of the subtypes of preterm birth with retinopathy of prematurity. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2017;217:354. 9. PMID: 28545834 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajog.2017.05.029
Role of Cord Blood Cytokines and Perinatal Factors in Prediction of Retinopathy of Prematurity
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.
