Respiratory Tract Infections — Smoking Ban and Paediatric Hospital Admissions for Respiratory Tract Infections in England
Citation(s)
Jones LL, Hashim A, McKeever T, Cook DG, Britton J, Leonardi-Bee J Parental and household smoking and the increased risk of bronchitis, bronchiolitis and other lower respiratory infections in infancy: systematic review and meta-analysis. Respir Res. 2011 Jan 10;12:5. doi: 10.1186/1465-9921-12-5. Review.
Jones LL, Hassanien A, Cook DG, Britton J, Leonardi-Bee J Parental smoking and the risk of middle ear disease in children: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 2012 Jan;166(1):18-27. doi: 10.1001/archpediatrics.2011.158. Epub 2011 Sep 5. Review.
Millett C, Lee JT, Laverty AA, Glantz SA, Majeed A Hospital admissions for childhood asthma after smoke-free legislation in England. Pediatrics. 2013 Feb;131(2):e495-501. doi: 10.1542/peds.2012-2592. Epub 2013 Jan 21.
Oberg M, Jaakkola MS, Woodward A, Peruga A, Prüss-Ustün A Worldwide burden of disease from exposure to second-hand smoke: a retrospective analysis of data from 192 countries. Lancet. 2011 Jan 8;377(9760):139-46. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(10)61388-8.
Smoke-free Legislation in England and Hospital Admissions for Respiratory Tract Infections Among Children
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.
