Respiratory Insufficiency — Study Using Citrate to Replace Heparin in Babies Requiring Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation (ECMO)
Citation(s)
Bagshaw SM, Laupland KB, Boiteau PJ, Godinez-Luna T Is regional citrate superior to systemic heparin anticoagulation for continuous renal replacement therapy? A prospective observational study in an adult regional critical care system. J Crit Care. 2005 Jun;20(2):155-61.
Clark JA, Schulman G, Golper TA Safety and efficacy of regional citrate anticoagulation during 8-hour sustained low-efficiency dialysis. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2008 May;3(3):736-42. doi: 10.2215/CJN.03460807. Epub 2008 Feb 13.
Pinnick RV, Wiegmann TB, Diederich DA Regional citrate anticoagulation for hemodialysis in the patient at high risk for bleeding. N Engl J Med. 1983 Feb 3;308(5):258-61.
Suzuki Y, Yamauchi S, Daitoku K, Fukui K, Fukuda I Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation circulatory support after congenital cardiac surgery. ASAIO J. 2009 Jan-Feb;55(1):53-7. doi: 10.1097/MAT.0b013e31818f0056.
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.
