Renal Transplant — Renal Transplant Injury and the Renin-Angiotensin System in Kids (RETASK)
Citation(s)
Ahmed AK, El Nahas AM, Johnson TS Changes in matrix metalloproteinases and their inhibitors in kidney transplant recipients. Exp Clin Transplant. 2012 Aug;10(4):332-43.
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Geara AS, Azzi J, Jurewicz M, Abdi R The renin-angiotensin system: an old, newly discovered player in immunoregulation. Transplant Rev (Orlando). 2009 Jul;23(3):151-8. doi: 10.1016/j.trre.2009.04.002. Review.
Halawa A The early diagnosis of acute renal graft dysfunction: a challenge we face. The role of novel biomarkers. Ann Transplant. 2011 Jan-Mar;16(1):90-8. Review.
Iwai M, Horiuchi M Devil and angel in the renin-angiotensin system: ACE-angiotensin II-AT1 receptor axis vs. ACE2-angiotensin-(1-7)-Mas receptor axis. Hypertens Res. 2009 Jul;32(7):533-6. doi: 10.1038/hr.2009.74. Epub 2009 May 22. Review.
Koka V, Huang XR, Chung AC, Wang W, Truong LD, Lan HY Angiotensin II up-regulates angiotensin I-converting enzyme (ACE), but down-regulates ACE2 via the AT1-ERK/p38 MAP kinase pathway. Am J Pathol. 2008 May;172(5):1174-83. doi: 10.2353/ajpath.2008.070762. Epub 2008 Apr 10.
Pan CH, Wen CH, Lin CS Interplay of angiotensin II and angiotensin(1-7) in the regulation of matrix metalloproteinases of human cardiocytes. Exp Physiol. 2008 May;93(5):599-612. doi: 10.1113/expphysiol.2007.041830. Epub 2008 Feb 22.
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Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.