Regional Anesthesia Morbidity — Feasibility of Real-time Ultrasound-guided Spinal Anesthesia Using Dynamic Needle Tip Positioning
Citation(s)
Carvalho JC Ultrasound-facilitated epidurals and spinals in obstetrics. Anesthesiol Clin. 2008 Mar;26(1):145-58, vii-viii. doi: 10.1016/j.anclin.2007.11.007. Review.
Grau T, Leipold RW, Conradi R, Martin E, Motsch J Ultrasound imaging facilitates localization of the epidural space during combined spinal and epidural anesthesia. Reg Anesth Pain Med. 2001 Jan-Feb;26(1):64-7.
Hanada S, Van Winkle MT, Subramani S, Ueda K Dynamic ultrasound-guided short-axis needle tip navigation technique vs. landmark technique for difficult saphenous vein access in children: a randomised study. Anaesthesia. 2017 Dec;72(12):1508-1515. doi: 10.1111/anae.14082. Epub 2017 Oct 6.
Kiberenge RK, Ueda K, Rosauer B Ultrasound-Guided Dynamic Needle Tip Positioning Technique Versus Palpation Technique for Radial Arterial Cannulation in Adult Surgical Patients: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Anesth Analg. 2018 Jan;126(1):120-126. doi: 10.1213/ANE.0000000000002261.
Kil HK, Cho JE, Kim WO, Koo BN, Han SW, Kim JY Prepuncture ultrasound-measured distance: an accurate reflection of epidural depth in infants and small children. Reg Anesth Pain Med. 2007 Mar-Apr;32(2):102-6.
Liu L, Tan Y, Li S, Tian J "Modified Dynamic Needle Tip Positioning" Short-Axis, Out-of-Plane, Ultrasound-Guided Radial Artery Cannulation in Neonates: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Anesth Analg. 2019 Jul;129(1):178-183. doi: 10.1213/ANE.0000000000003445.
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.
