Quality of Life — Quality of Life in Kidney Stone Patients Undergoing Surgery
Citation(s)
Barnes KT, Bing MT, Tracy CR Do ureteric stent extraction strings affect stent-related quality of life or complications after ureteroscopy for urolithiasis: a prospective randomised control trial. BJU Int. 2014 Apr;113(4):605-9. doi: 10.1111/bju.12541.
Kirac M, Bozkurt ÖF, Tunc L, Guneri C, Unsal A, Biri H Comparison of retrograde intrarenal surgery and mini-percutaneous nephrolithotomy in management of lower-pole renal stones with a diameter of smaller than 15 mm. Urolithiasis. 2013 Jun;41(3):241-6. doi: 10.1007/s00240-013-0552-0. Epub 2013 Mar 13.
Kumar A, Kumar N, Vasudeva P, Kumar Jha S, Kumar R, Singh H A prospective, randomized comparison of shock wave lithotripsy, retrograde intrarenal surgery and miniperc for treatment of 1 to 2 cm radiolucent lower calyceal renal calculi: a single center experience. J Urol. 2015 Jan;193(1):160-4. doi: 10.1016/j.juro.2014.07.088. Epub 2014 Jul 24.
Pérez-Fentes DA, Gude F, Blanco B, Freire CG Percutaneous nephrolithotomy: short- and long-term effects on health-related quality of life. J Endourol. 2015 Jan;29(1):13-7. doi: 10.1089/end.2014.0081.
Staios D, Andrews HO, Shaik T, Buchholz NN Quality of life after percutaneous nephrolithotomy for caliceal diverticulum and secluded lower-pole renal stones. J Endourol. 2007 May;21(5):515-9.
Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial Comparing Ureteroscopic to Percutaneous Removal for the 1-2 cm Calculus Measuring Quality of Life as the Primary Outcome
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.
