Choi Y, Choi JW Association of sleep disturbance with risk of cardiovascular disease and all-cause mortality in patients with new-onset type 2 diabetes: data from the Korean NHIS-HEALS. Cardiovasc Diabetol. 2020 May 13;19(1):61. doi: 10.1186/s12933-020-01032-5.
Hargens TA, Kaleth AS, Edwards ES, Butner KL Association between sleep disorders, obesity, and exercise: a review. Nat Sci Sleep. 2013 Mar 1;5:27-35. doi: 10.2147/NSS.S34838. Print 2013.
Knutson KL Does inadequate sleep play a role in vulnerability to obesity? Am J Hum Biol. 2012 May-Jun;24(3):361-71. doi: 10.1002/ajhb.22219. Epub 2012 Jan 24.
Lin CL, Chien WC, Chung CH, Wu FL Risk of type 2 diabetes in patients with insomnia: A population-based historical cohort study. Diabetes Metab Res Rev. 2018 Jan;34(1). doi: 10.1002/dmrr.2930. Epub 2017 Oct 4.
McCoy JG, Strecker RE The cognitive cost of sleep lost. Neurobiol Learn Mem. 2011 Nov;96(4):564-82. doi: 10.1016/j.nlm.2011.07.004. Epub 2011 Aug 22.
Medic G, Wille M, Hemels ME Short- and long-term health consequences of sleep disruption. Nat Sci Sleep. 2017 May 19;9:151-161. doi: 10.2147/NSS.S134864. eCollection 2017.
Meerlo P, Sgoifo A, Suchecki D Restricted and disrupted sleep: effects on autonomic function, neuroendocrine stress systems and stress responsivity. Sleep Med Rev. 2008 Jun;12(3):197-210. doi: 10.1016/j.smrv.2007.07.007. Epub 2008 Jan 25.
Meng L, Zheng Y, Hui R The relationship of sleep duration and insomnia to risk of hypertension incidence: a meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies. Hypertens Res. 2013 Nov;36(11):985-95. doi: 10.1038/hr.2013.70. Epub 2013 Sep 5.
Pan XL, Nie L, Zhao SY, Zhang XB, Zhang S, Su ZF The Association Between Insomnia and Atherosclerosis: A Brief Report. Nat Sci Sleep. 2022 Mar 15;14:443-448. doi: 10.2147/NSS.S336318. eCollection 2022.
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.
