Pyelonephritis Acute — Diagnostic Imaging of Acute Pyelonephritis
Citation(s)
Claeys KC, Blanco N, Morgan DJ, Leekha S, Sullivan KV Advances and Challenges in the Diagnosis and Treatment of Urinary Tract Infections: the Need for Diagnostic Stewardship. Curr Infect Dis Rep. 2019 Mar 5;21(4):11. doi: 10.1007/s11908-019-0668-7. Review.
Cruz J, Figueiredo F, Matos AP, Duarte S, Guerra A, Ramalho M Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases of the Urinary Tract: Role of MR Imaging. Magn Reson Imaging Clin N Am. 2019 Feb;27(1):59-75. doi: 10.1016/j.mric.2018.09.001. Epub 2018 Oct 29. Review.
Rathod SB, Kumbhar SS, Nanivadekar A, Aman K Role of diffusion-weighted MRI in acute pyelonephritis: a prospective study. Acta Radiol. 2015 Feb;56(2):244-9. doi: 10.1177/0284185114520862. Epub 2014 Jan 17.
Diagnostic Imaging of Acute Pyelonephritis - Part of the INDEED Study (Infectious Diseases in Emergency Departments)
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.
