Connor KM, Davidson JR Development of a new resilience scale: the Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale (CD-RISC). Depress Anxiety. 2003;18(2):76-82.
Jacob T, Itzchak EB, Raz O Stress among healthcare students--a cross disciplinary perspective. Physiother Theory Pract. 2013 Jul;29(5):401-12. doi: 10.3109/09593985.2012.734011. Epub 2012 Oct 24.
McAllister M, McKinnon J The importance of teaching and learning resilience in the health disciplines: a critical review of the literature. Nurse Educ Today. 2009 May;29(4):371-9. doi: 10.1016/j.nedt.2008.10.011. Epub 2008 Dec 3. Review.
O'Leary VE, Ickovics JR Resilience and thriving in response to challenge: an opportunity for a paradigm shift in women's health. Womens Health. 1995 Summer;1(2):121-42. Review.
Steinhardt M, Dolbier C Evaluation of a resilience intervention to enhance coping strategies and protective factors and decrease symptomatology. J Am Coll Health. 2008 Jan-Feb;56(4):445-53. doi: 10.3200/JACH.56.44.445-454.
Tugade MM, Fredrickson BL Resilient individuals use positive emotions to bounce back from negative emotional experiences. J Pers Soc Psychol. 2004 Feb;86(2):320-33.
Walsh JM, Feeney C, Hussey J, Donnellan C Sources of stress and psychological morbidity among undergraduate physiotherapy students. Physiotherapy. 2010 Sep;96(3):206-12. doi: 10.1016/j.physio.2010.01.005. Epub 2010 Apr 8.
Effects of an Intervention to Enhance Resilience in Physical Therapy Students
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.
