Prostate Cancer — MRI Versus PSA in Prostate Cancer Screening
Citation(s)
Abd-Alazeez M, Kirkham A, Ahmed HU, Arya M, Anastasiadis E, Charman SC, Freeman A, Emberton M Performance of multiparametric MRI in men at risk of prostate cancer before the first biopsy: a paired validating cohort study using template prostate mapping biopsies as the reference standard. Prostate Cancer Prostatic Dis. 2014 Mar;17(1):40-6. doi: 10.1038/pcan.2013.43. Epub 2013 Oct 15.
Chou R, Dana T, Bougatsos C, Fu R, Blazina I, Gleitsmann K, Rugge JB Treatments for Localized Prostate Cancer: Systematic Review to Update the 2002 U.S. Preventive Services Task Force Recommendation [Internet]. Rockville (MD): Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (US); 2011 Oct. Available from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK82315/
Etzioni R, Gulati R, Falcon S, Penson DF Impact of PSA screening on the incidence of advanced stage prostate cancer in the United States: a surveillance modeling approach. Med Decis Making. 2008 May-Jun;28(3):323-31. doi: 10.1177/0272989X07312719. Epub 2008 Mar 4.
Moyer VA; U S. Preventive Services Task Force. Screening for prostate cancer: U.S. Preventive Services Task Force recommendation statement. Ann Intern Med. 2012 Jul 17;157(2):120-34. doi: 10.7326/0003-4819-157-2-201207170-00459.
Recabal P, Ehdaie B The role of MRI in active surveillance for men with localized prostate cancer. Curr Opin Urol. 2015 Nov;25(6):504-9. doi: 10.1097/MOU.0000000000000221. Review.
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
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Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.