Choi MH, Kim CK, Lee YJ, Jung SE Prebiopsy Biparametric MRI for Clinically Significant Prostate Cancer Detection With PI-RADS Version 2: A Multicenter Study. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2019 Apr;212(4):839-846. doi: 10.2214/AJR.18.20498. Epub 2019 Feb 19.
Evangelista L, Guttilla A, Zattoni F, Muzzio PC, Zattoni F Utility of choline positron emission tomography/computed tomography for lymph node involvement identification in intermediate- to high-risk prostate cancer: a systematic literature review and meta-analysis. Eur Urol. 2013 Jun;63(6):1040-8. doi: 10.1016/j.eururo.2012.09.039. Epub 2012 Sep 25.
Niu XK, Chen XH, Chen ZF, Chen L, Li J, Peng T Diagnostic Performance of Biparametric MRI for Detection of Prostate Cancer: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2018 Aug;211(2):369-378. doi: 10.2214/AJR.17.18946. Epub 2018 Jun 12.
Shen G, Deng H, Hu S, Jia Z Comparison of choline-PET/CT, MRI, SPECT, and bone scintigraphy in the diagnosis of bone metastases in patients with prostate cancer: a meta-analysis. Skeletal Radiol. 2014 Nov;43(11):1503-13. doi: 10.1007/s00256-014-1903-9. Epub 2014 May 20.
Woo S, Suh CH, Kim SY, Cho JY, Kim SH, Moon MH Head-to-Head Comparison Between Biparametric and Multiparametric MRI for the Diagnosis of Prostate Cancer: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2018 Nov;211(5):W226-W241. doi: 10.2214/AJR.18.19880. Epub 2018 Sep 21.
Woo S, Suh CH, Kim SY, Cho JY, Kim SH Diagnostic Performance of Magnetic Resonance Imaging for the Detection of Bone Metastasis in Prostate Cancer: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Eur Urol. 2018 Jan;73(1):81-91. doi: 10.1016/j.eururo.2017.03.042. Epub 2017 Apr 12.
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.