Proprioceptive Disorders — Joint Position Sense in Individuals With Anterior Knee Pain
Citation(s)
Clark NC, Akins JS, Heebner NR, Sell TC, Abt JP, Lovalekar M, Lephart SM Reliability and measurement precision of concentric-to-isometric and eccentric-to-isometric knee active joint position sense tests in uninjured physically active adults. Phys Ther Sport. 2016 Mar;18:38-45. doi: 10.1016/j.ptsp.2015.06.005. Epub 2015 Jun 18.
Green A, Liles C, Rushton A, Kyte DG Measurement properties of patient-reported outcome measures (PROMS) in Patellofemoral Pain Syndrome: a systematic review. Man Ther. 2014 Dec;19(6):517-26. doi: 10.1016/j.math.2014.05.013. Epub 2014 Jun 14. Review.
Relph N, Herrington L The effects of knee direction, physical activity and age on knee joint position sense. Knee. 2016 Jun;23(3):393-8. doi: 10.1016/j.knee.2016.02.018. Epub 2016 Mar 21.
Rhode C (2018) Proprioceptive differences in individuals with Anterior knee pain. Master's dissertation Stellenbosch: Stellenbosch University.
Selfe J, Callaghan M, McHenry A, Richards J, Oldham J An investigation into the effect of number of trials during proprioceptive testing in patients with patellofemoral pain syndrome. J Orthop Res. 2006 Jun;24(6):1218-24.
Watson CJ, Propps M, Ratner J, Zeigler DL, Horton P, Smith SS Reliability and responsiveness of the lower extremity functional scale and the anterior knee pain scale in patients with anterior knee pain. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 2005 Mar;35(3):136-46.
Joint Position Sense in Individuals With Anterior Knee Pain
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.
