Guo C, Ma W, Fan D, Ma Y, Liu L Non spontaneous vaginal delivery was associated with lower probability of subsequent fertility. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol. 2020 May;248:30-36. doi: 10.1016/j.ejogrb.2020.03.009. Epub 2020 Mar 7.
Hemmerich A, Bandrowska T, Dumas GA The effects of squatting while pregnant on pelvic dimensions: A computational simulation to understand childbirth. J Biomech. 2019 Apr 18;87:64-74. doi: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2019.02.017. Epub 2019 Feb 27.
RANZCOG The Women's Health Committee. The Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists. Instrumental vaginal birth; March 2016.
Siccardi M, Valle C, Di Matteo F Dynamic External Pelvimetry Test in Third Trimester Pregnant Women: Shifting Positions Affect Pelvic Biomechanics and Create More Room in Obstetric Diameters. Cureus. 2021 Mar 1;13(3):e13631. doi: 10.7759/cureus.13631.
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.
