Chang MY, Chang LY, Huang YC, Lin KM, Cheng CH Chair-sitting exercise intervention does not improve respiratory muscle function in mechanically ventilated intensive care unit patients. Respir Care. 2011 Oct;56(10):1533-8. doi: 10.4187/respcare.00938. Epub 2011 Apr 19.
Chen S, Su CL, Wu YT, Wang LY, Wu CP, Wu HD, Chiang LL Physical training is beneficial to functional status and survival in patients with prolonged mechanical ventilation. J Formos Med Assoc. 2011 Sep;110(9):572-9. doi: 10.1016/j.jfma.2011.07.008. Epub 2011 Sep 8.
Chiang LL, Wang LY, Wu CP, Wu HD, Wu YT Effects of physical training on functional status in patients with prolonged mechanical ventilation. Phys Ther. 2006 Sep;86(9):1271-81. doi: 10.2522/ptj.20050036.
Clarissa C, Salisbury L, Rodgers S, Kean S Early mobilisation in mechanically ventilated patients: a systematic integrative review of definitions and activities. J Intensive Care. 2019 Jan 17;7:3. doi: 10.1186/s40560-018-0355-z. eCollection 2019.
Costa DK, White MR, Ginier E, Manojlovich M, Govindan S, Iwashyna TJ, Sales AE Identifying Barriers to Delivering the Awakening and Breathing Coordination, Delirium, and Early Exercise/Mobility Bundle to Minimize Adverse Outcomes for Mechanically Ventilated Patients: A Systematic Review. Chest. 2017 Aug;152(2):304-311. doi: 10.1016/j.chest.2017.03.054. Epub 2017 Apr 21.
Cox CE, Carson SS, Holmes GM, Howard A, Carey TS Increase in tracheostomy for prolonged mechanical ventilation in North Carolina, 1993-2002. Crit Care Med. 2004 Nov;32(11):2219-26. doi: 10.1097/01.ccm.0000145232.46143.40.
Damuth E, Mitchell JA, Bartock JL, Roberts BW, Trzeciak S Long-term survival of critically ill patients treated with prolonged mechanical ventilation: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Respir Med. 2015 Jul;3(7):544-53. doi: 10.1016/S2213-2600(15)00150-2. Epub 2015 May 20.
Ding N, Zhang Z, Zhang C, Yao L, Yang L, Jiang B, Wu Y, Jiang L, Tian J What is the optimum time for initiation of early mobilization in mechanically ventilated patients? A network meta-analysis. PLoS One. 2019 Oct 7;14(10):e0223151. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0223151. eCollection 2019.
Dong Z, Yu B, Zhang Q, Pei H, Xing J, Fang W, Sun Y, Song Z Early Rehabilitation Therapy Is Beneficial for Patients With Prolonged Mechanical Ventilation After Coronary Artery Bypass Surgery. Int Heart J. 2016;57(2):241-6. doi: 10.1536/ihj.15-316. Epub 2016 Mar 11.
Elkins M, Dentice R Inspiratory muscle training facilitates weaning from mechanical ventilation among patients in the intensive care unit: a systematic review. J Physiother. 2015 Jul;61(3):125-34. doi: 10.1016/j.jphys.2015.05.016. Epub 2015 Jun 16.
Hill K, Dennis DM, Patman SM Relationships between mortality, morbidity, and physical function in adults who survived a period of prolonged mechanical ventilation. J Crit Care. 2013 Aug;28(4):427-32. doi: 10.1016/j.jcrc.2013.02.012. Epub 2013 Apr 22.
Kim WY, Lim CM Ventilator-Induced Diaphragmatic Dysfunction: Diagnosis and Role of Pharmacological Agents. Respir Care. 2017 Nov;62(11):1485-1491. doi: 10.4187/respcare.05622. Epub 2017 Jul 11.
Lai CC, Chou W, Chan KS, Cheng KC, Yuan KS, Chao CM, Chen CM Early Mobilization Reduces Duration of Mechanical Ventilation and Intensive Care Unit Stay in Patients With Acute Respiratory Failure. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2017 May;98(5):931-939. doi: 10.1016/j.apmr.2016.11.007. Epub 2016 Dec 13.
Mendez-Tellez PA, Needham DM Early physical rehabilitation in the ICU and ventilator liberation. Respir Care. 2012 Oct;57(10):1663-9. doi: 10.4187/respcare.01931.
Ntoumenopoulos G Rehabilitation during mechanical ventilation: Review of the recent literature. Intensive Crit Care Nurs. 2015 Jun;31(3):125-32. doi: 10.1016/j.iccn.2015.02.001. Epub 2015 May 27.
Patman SM, Dennis DM, Hill K Exploring the capacity to ambulate after a period of prolonged mechanical ventilation. J Crit Care. 2012 Dec;27(6):542-8. doi: 10.1016/j.jcrc.2011.12.020. Epub 2012 Mar 14.
Sansone GR, Frengley JD, Vecchione JJ, Manogaram MG, Kaner RJ Relationship of the Duration of Ventilator Support to Successful Weaning and Other Clinical Outcomes in 437 Prolonged Mechanical Ventilation Patients. J Intensive Care Med. 2017 May;32(4):283-291. doi: 10.1177/0885066615626897. Epub 2016 Jan 20.
Schreiber A, Bertoni M, Goligher EC Avoiding Respiratory and Peripheral Muscle Injury During Mechanical Ventilation: Diaphragm-Protective Ventilation and Early Mobilization. Crit Care Clin. 2018 Jul;34(3):357-381. doi: 10.1016/j.ccc.2018.03.005.
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.