Primary Prevention — Effects of Perineal Massage (PERMAS)
Citation(s)
Airo Toivanen R, Korja R, Saisto T, Rouhe H, Muotka J, Salmela-Aro K Changes in emotions and personal goals in primiparous pregnant women during group intervention for fear of childbirth. J Reprod Infant Psychol. 2018 Sep;36(4):363-380. doi: 10.1080/02646838.2018.1462477. Epub 2018 May 7.
Badaoui A, Kassm SA, Naja W Fear and Anxiety Disorders Related to Childbirth: Epidemiological and Therapeutic Issues. Curr Psychiatry Rep. 2019 Mar 12;21(4):27. doi: 10.1007/s11920-019-1010-7. Review.
Beckmann MM, Stock OM Antenatal perineal massage for reducing perineal trauma. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2013 Apr 30;(4):CD005123. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD005123.pub3. Review.
Dieb AS, Shoab AY, Nabil H, Gabr A, Abdallah AA, Shaban MM, Attia AH Perineal massage and training reduce perineal trauma in pregnant women older than 35 years: a randomized controlled trial. Int Urogynecol J. 2020 Mar;31(3):613-619. doi: 10.1007/s00192-019-03937-6. Epub 2019 Apr 2.
Gallo RBS, Santana LS, Marcolin AC, Duarte G, Quintana SM Sequential application of non-pharmacological interventions reduces the severity of labour pain, delays use of pharmacological analgesia, and improves some obstetric outcomes: a randomised trial. J Physiother. 2018 Jan;64(1):33-40. doi: 10.1016/j.jphys.2017.11.014. Epub 2017 Dec 27.
Ray-Griffith SL, Wendel MP, Stowe ZN, Magann EF Chronic pain during pregnancy: a review of the literature. Int J Womens Health. 2018 Apr 9;10:153-164. doi: 10.2147/IJWH.S151845. eCollection 2018. Review.
Romina S, Ramezani F, Falah N, Mafi M, Ranjkesh F Effect of Perineal Massage with Ostrich Oil on the Episiotomy and Lacerations in Nulliparous Women: A Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial. Iran J Nurs Midwifery Res. 2020 Feb 24;25(2):134-138. doi: 10.4103/ijnmr.IJNMR_76_19. eCollection 2020 Mar-Apr.
Shahoei R, Zaheri F, Nasab LH, Ranaei F The effect of perineal massage during the second stage of birth on nulliparous women perineal: A randomization clinical trial. Electron Physician. 2017 Oct 25;9(10):5588-5595. doi: 10.19082/5588. eCollection 2017 Oct.
Taavoni S, Abdolahian S, Haghani H, Neysani L Effect of birth ball usage on pain in the active phase of labor: a randomized controlled trial. J Midwifery Womens Health. 2011 Mar-Apr;56(2):137-40. doi: 10.1111/j.1542-2011.2010.00013.x. Epub 2011 Feb 28.
Van Kampen M, Devoogdt N, De Groef A, Gielen A, Geraerts I The efficacy of physiotherapy for the prevention and treatment of prenatal symptoms: a systematic review. Int Urogynecol J. 2015 Nov;26(11):1575-86. doi: 10.1007/s00192-015-2684-y. Epub 2015 Mar 31. Review.
Effects of Perineal Massage During Pregnancy on Women's Health
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.
