Benson N, Hulac DM, Kranzler JH Independent examination of the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-Fourth Edition (WAIS-IV): what does the WAIS-IV measure? Psychol Assess. 2010 Mar;22(1):121-30. doi: 10.1037/a0017767.
Biondi B, Wartofsky L Combination treatment with T4 and T3: toward personalized replacement therapy in hypothyroidism? J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2012 Jul;97(7):2256-71. doi: 10.1210/jc.2011-3399. Epub 2012 May 16. Review.
Bunevicius R, Prange AJ Mental improvement after replacement therapy with thyroxine plus triiodothyronine: relationship to cause of hypothyroidism. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol. 2000 Jun;3(2):167-174.
Clyde PW, Harari AE, Getka EJ, Shakir KM Combined levothyroxine plus liothyronine compared with levothyroxine alone in primary hypothyroidism: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2003 Dec 10;290(22):2952-8.
Cooper DS, Biondi B Subclinical thyroid disease. Lancet. 2012 Mar 24;379(9821):1142-54. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(11)60276-6. Epub 2012 Jan 23. Review.
Grozinsky-Glasberg S, Fraser A, Nahshoni E, Weizman A, Leibovici L Thyroxine-triiodothyronine combination therapy versus thyroxine monotherapy for clinical hypothyroidism: meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2006 Jul;91(7):2592-9. Epub 2006 May 2.
Kim BW, Bianco AC For some, L-thyroxine replacement might not be enough: a genetic rationale. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2009 May;94(5):1521-3. doi: 10.1210/jc.2009-0410. Review.
Lowe JC Stability, Effectivenes, and Safety of Desiccated Thyroid vs Levothyroxine: A Rebuttal to the British Thyroid Association. Thyroid Science 2009;4:C1-12.
McDowell I, Newell C The General Health Questionnaire. Measuring Health. A Guide to Rating Scales and Questionnaires. 2nd Ed, Oxford, 1996
Means JH, Lerman J, Salter WT THE ROLE OF THYROXIN IODINE AND TOTAL ORGANIC IODINE IN THE CALORIGENIC ACTION OF WHOLE THYROID GLAND. J Clin Invest. 1933 Jul;12(4):683-8.
Nygaard B, Jensen EW, Kvetny J, Jarløv A, Faber J Effect of combination therapy with thyroxine (T4) and 3,5,3'-triiodothyronine versus T4 monotherapy in patients with hypothyroidism, a double-blind, randomised cross-over study. Eur J Endocrinol. 2009 Dec;161(6):895-902. doi: 10.1530/EJE-09-0542. Epub 2009 Aug 7.
Panicker V, Saravanan P, Vaidya B, Evans J, Hattersley AT, Frayling TM, Dayan CM Common variation in the DIO2 gene predicts baseline psychological well-being and response to combination thyroxine plus triiodothyronine therapy in hypothyroid patients. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2009 May;94(5):1623-9. doi: 10.1210/jc.2008-1301. Epub 2009 Feb 3.
ROBERTSON JD, KIRKPATRICK HF Changes in basal metabolism, serumprotein-bound iodine, and cholesterol during treatment of hypothyroidism with oral thyroid and L-thyroxine sodium. Br Med J. 1952 Mar 22;1(4759):624-8.
Salvatore D, Bartha T, Harney JW, Larsen PR Molecular biological and biochemical characterization of the human type 2 selenodeiodinase. Endocrinology. 1996 Aug;137(8):3308-15.
Saravanan P, Simmons DJ, Greenwood R, Peters TJ, Dayan CM Partial substitution of thyroxine (T4) with tri-iodothyronine in patients on T4 replacement therapy: results of a large community-based randomized controlled trial. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2005 Feb;90(2):805-12. Epub 2004 Dec 7.
Sawka AM, Gerstein HC, Marriott MJ, MacQueen GM, Joffe RT Does a combination regimen of thyroxine (T4) and 3,5,3'-triiodothyronine improve depressive symptoms better than T4 alone in patients with hypothyroidism? Results of a double-blind, randomized, controlled trial. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2003 Oct;88(10):4551-5.
Smith RN, Taylor SA, Massey JC Controlled clinical trial of combined triiodothyronine and thyroxine in the treatment of hypothyroidism. Br Med J. 1970 Oct 17;4(5728):145-8.
Sturnick MI, Falcon-Lesses M A comparison of the effect of desiccated thyroid and sodium levothyroxine on the serum protein-bound iodine. New Engl J Med 1961;264:608-9. 16. Jackson I, Cobb WE. Why Does Anyone Still Use Desiccated Thyroid USP? Am J Med 1978;64: 284-8.
Thompson WO, McLellan LL, Thompson PK, Dickie LF THE RATES OF UTILIZATION OF THYROXINE AND OF DESICCATED THYROID IN MAN: THE RELATION BETWEEN THE IODINE IN DESICCATED THYROID AND IN THYROXINE. J Clin Invest. 1933 Jan;12(1):235-46.
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.