Broekhuizen FF, Gilman M, Hamilton PR Amniocentesis for gram stain and culture in preterm premature rupture of the membranes. Obstet Gynecol. 1985 Sep;66(3):316-21.
Cunningham, F G., MD, Leveno, K. J., MD, Dashe, J. S., MD, Hoffman, B. L., MD, Bloom, S. L., MD, Casey, B. M., MD, Spong, C. Y., MD (Eds.). (2014). Preterm Labor. In Williams Obstetrics(24th ed., pp. 848-849). New York, NY: McGraw Hill Education.
Deutsch A, Deutsch E, Totten C, Downes K, Haubner L, Belogolovkin V Maternal and neonatal outcomes based on the gestational age of midtrimester preterm premature rupture of membranes. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med. 2010 Dec;23(12):1429-34. doi: 10.3109/14767051003678069. Epub 2010 Mar 17.
Doyle LW, Crowther CA, Middleton P, Marret S, Rouse D Magnesium sulphate for women at risk of preterm birth for neuroprotection of the fetus. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2009 Jan 21;(1):CD004661. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD004661.pub3. Review.
Esteves JS, de Sá RA, de Carvalho PR, Coca Velarde LG Neonatal outcome in women with preterm premature rupture of membranes (PPROM) between 18 and 26 weeks. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med. 2016;29(7):1108-12. doi: 10.3109/14767058.2015.1035643. Epub 2015 Jul 3.
Heikkinen T, Laine K, Neuvonen PJ, Ekblad U The transplacental transfer of the macrolide antibiotics erythromycin, roxithromycin and azithromycin. BJOG. 2000 Jun;107(6):770-5.
Kilbride HW, Thibeault DW Neonatal complications of preterm premature rupture of membranes. Pathophysiology and management. Clin Perinatol. 2001 Dec;28(4):761-85. Review.
Mercer BM, Crocker LG, Boe NM, Sibai BM Induction versus expectant management in premature rupture of the membranes with mature amniotic fluid at 32 to 36 weeks: a randomized trial. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1993 Oct;169(4):775-82.
Mercer BM, Moretti ML, Prevost RR, Sibai BM Erythromycin therapy in preterm premature rupture of the membranes: a prospective, randomized trial of 220 patients. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1992 Mar;166(3):794-802.
Oh KJ, Lee KA, Sohn YK, Park CW, Hong JS, Romero R, Yoon BH Intraamniotic infection with genital mycoplasmas exhibits a more intense inflammatory response than intraamniotic infection with other microorganisms in patients with preterm premature rupture of membranes. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2010 Sep;203(3):211.e1-8. doi: 10.1016/j.ajog.2010.03.035. Epub 2010 Aug 3.
Schucker JL, Mercer BM Midtrimester premature rupture of the membranes. Semin Perinatol. 1996 Oct;20(5):389-400. Review.
Svigos, John M, et al "Chapter 63: Prelabor Rupture of Membranes." High Risk Pregnancy: Management Options - Expert Consult, by David K. James et al., Saunders, 2010, pp. 1321-132.
Yeast JD Preterm premature rupture of the membranes before viability. Clin Perinatol. 2001 Dec;28(4):849-60. Review.
Zlatnik FJ, Cruikshank DP, Petzold CR, Galask RP Amniocentesis in the identification of inapparent infection in preterm patients with premature rupture of the membranes. J Reprod Med. 1984 Sep;29(9):656-60.
The Effect of Antibiotics on Latency in Previable Prelabor Rupture of Membranes Between 18 0/7 and 22 6/7 Weeks Gestational Age
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.