Pregnancy — Sleep Efficiency and Quantification After Labor Epidural Analgesia
Citation(s)
Hall WA, Stoll K, Hutton EK, Brown H A prospective study of effects of psychological factors and sleep on obstetric interventions, mode of birth, and neonatal outcomes among low-risk British Columbian women. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 2012 Aug 3;12:78.
Skowronski GA Pain relief in childbirth: changing historical and feminist perspectives. Anaesth Intensive Care. 2015 Jul;43 Suppl:25-8.
Wangel AM, Molin J, Ostman M, Jernström H Emergency cesarean sections can be predicted by markers for stress, worry and sleep disturbances in first-time mothers. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand. 2011 Mar;90(3):238-44. doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0412.2010.01056.x. Epub 2011 Feb 3.
Sleep Efficiency and Quantification After Labor Epidural Analgesia
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.
