Pregnancy — Fetal Head Circumference as a Predictor of Operative Delivery
Citation(s)
Committee on Practice Bulletins—Obstetrics . ACOG Practice Bulletin No. 154: Operative Vaginal Delivery. Obstet Gynecol. 2015 Nov;126(5):e56-65. doi: 10.1097/AOG.0000000000001147.
Elvander C, Högberg U, Ekéus C The influence of fetal head circumference on labor outcome: a population-based register study. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand. 2012 Apr;91(4):470-5. doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0412.2012.01358.x.
Irion O, Boulvain M Induction of labour for suspected fetal macrosomia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2000;(2):CD000938. Review. Update in: Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2016;(5):CD000938.
Maharaj D Assessing cephalopelvic disproportion: back to the basics. Obstet Gynecol Surv. 2010 Jun;65(6):387-95. doi: 10.1097/OGX.0b013e3181ecdf0c. Review.
Mujugira A, Osoti A, Deya R, Hawes SE, Phipps AI Fetal head circumference, operative delivery, and fetal outcomes: a multi-ethnic population-based cohort study. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 2013 May 7;13:106. doi: 10.1186/1471-2393-13-106.
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Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.
