Pregnancy — The Effects of Music Therapy on Women's Anxiety Before and During Cesarean Delivery
Citation(s)
1 Gori F, Pasqualucci A, Corradetti F, et al. Maternal and neonatal outcome after cesarean section: The impact of anesthesia. The Journal of Maternal-Fetal and Neonatal Medicine 2007; 20(1):53-57. 2. Wang S, Kulkarni L, Dolev J, et al. Music and preoperative anxiety: A randomized, controlled study. Anesth Analg 2002; 94(6):1489-1494. 3. Chang S, Chen C. Effects of music therapy on women's physiologic measures, anxiety, and satisfaction during Cesarean delivery. Research in Nursing & Health 2005; 28:453-461. 4. Danhauer SC, Marler B, Rutherford CA, Lovato JF, et al. Music or guided imagery for women undergoing colposcopy: A randomized controlled study of effects on anxiety, perceived pain, and patient satisfaction. J low genit tract dis 2007; 11:39-45. 5. Yung PMB, Kam SC, Lau BWK, et al. The effect of music in managing preoperative stress for Chinese surgical patients in the operating room holding area: A controlled trial. International Journal of Stress Management 2003; 10(1):64-74. 6. Gaberson KB. The effect of humorous and musical distraction on preoperative anxiety. AORN Journal 1995; 62(5):784-791. 7. Pan P, Coghill R, Houle T, et al. Multifactorial and preoperative predictors for postcesarean section pain and analgesic requirement. Anesthesiology 2006; 104:417-425. 8. Maes M, Libbrecht I, Lin A, et al. Effects of pregnancy and delivery on serum prolyl endopeptidase (PEP) activity: alterations in serum PEP are related to increased anxiety in the early puerperium and to postpartum depression. Journal of Affective Disorders 2000; 57:125-137. 9. Zanardo V, Trevisanuto D, and Freato F. Maternal anxiety impairs lactation initiation and maintenance. Pediatrics 2006; 117:1859-1860. 10. Hundley V, Gurney E, Graham W, et al. Can anxiety in pregnant women be measured using the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory? Midwifery 1998; 14:118-121. 11. Man AKY, Yap JCM, Kwan SY, et al. The effect of intra-operative video on patient anxiety. Anesthesia 2003; 58:64-68.
The Effects of Music Therapy on Women's Anxiety Before and During Cesarean Delivery
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.
