Pregnancy Related — The 4th Trimester Initiative: The Impact of Parental Support on Pregnant Trainee Wellbeing
Citation(s)
Castillo-Angeles M, Smink DS, Rangel EL Perspectives of US General Surgery Program Directors on Cultural and Fiscal Barriers to Maternity Leave and Postpartum Support During Surgical Training. JAMA Surg. 2021 Jul 1;156(7):647-653. doi: 10.1001/jamasurg.2021.1807.
Cox JL, Holden JM, Sagovsky R Detection of postnatal depression. Development of the 10-item Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale. Br J Psychiatry. 1987 Jun;150:782-6. doi: 10.1192/bjp.150.6.782.
Ekstedt M, Soderstrom M, Akerstedt T Sleep physiology in recovery from burnout. Biol Psychol. 2009 Dec;82(3):267-73. doi: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2009.08.006. Epub 2009 Aug 21.
Lyu HG, Davids JS, Scully RE, Melnitchouk N Association of Domestic Responsibilities With Career Satisfaction for Physician Mothers in Procedural vs Nonprocedural Fields. JAMA Surg. 2019 Aug 1;154(8):689-695. doi: 10.1001/jamasurg.2019.0529.
Melnitchouk N, Scully RE, Davids JS Barriers to Breastfeeding for US Physicians Who Are Mothers. JAMA Intern Med. 2018 Aug 1;178(8):1130-1132. doi: 10.1001/jamainternmed.2018.0320.
Peters GW, Kuczmarska-Haas A, Holliday EB, Puckett L Lactation challenges of resident physicians- results of a national survey. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 2020 Dec 9;20(1):762. doi: 10.1186/s12884-020-03436-3.
Sandler BJ, Tackett JJ, Longo WE, Yoo PS Pregnancy and Parenthood among Surgery Residents: Results of the First Nationwide Survey of General Surgery Residency Program Directors. J Am Coll Surg. 2016 Jun;222(6):1090-6. doi: 10.1016/j.jamcollsurg.2015.12.004. Epub 2015 Dec 18.
Stack SW, McKinney CM, Spiekerman C, Best JA Childbearing and maternity leave in residency: determinants and well-being outcomes. Postgrad Med J. 2018 Dec;94(1118):694-699. doi: 10.1136/postgradmedj-2018-135960. Epub 2018 Dec 15.
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.