Florsheim, P , McArthur, L., Hudak, C., Heavin, S., & Burrow-Sanchez, J. (2011). The Young Parenthood Program: Preventing intimate partner violence between adolescent mothers and young fathers. Journal of Couple & Relationship Therapy, 10(2), 117-134.
Julion WA, Breitenstein SM, Waddell D Fatherhood intervention development in collaboration with African American non-resident fathers. Res Nurs Health. 2012 Oct;35(5):490-506. doi: 10.1002/nur.21492. Epub 2012 Jun 8.
Julion WA, Sumo J, Bounds DT, Breitenstein SM, Schoeny M, Gross D, Fogg L Study protocol for a randomized clinical trial of a fatherhood intervention for African American non-resident fathers: Can we improve father and child outcomes? Contemp Clin Trials. 2016 Jul;49:29-39. doi: 10.1016/j.cct.2016.05.005. Epub 2016 May 28.
Julion, W A., Sumo, J. N., Schoeny, M. E., Breitenstein, S. M., & Bounds, D. T. (2021). Predictors of Maternal Participation in Fatherhood Intervention Research With African American Nonresident Fathers. Research on Social Work Practice, 10497315211005538.
Paul, H A. (2015). The Young Parenthood Program: A Guide to Helping Young Mothers and Fathers Become Effective Co-Parents, by P. Florsheim: New York, NY: Oxford University Press, vii+ 222 pp., $45.00 (paperback).
Preparing for Parenthood: A Father Inclusive Model of Prenatal Care
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.
