Bennett WL, Chang HY, Levine DM, Wang L, Neale D, Werner EF, Clark JM Utilization of primary and obstetric care after medically complicated pregnancies: an analysis of medical claims data. J Gen Intern Med. 2014 Apr;29(4):636-45. doi: 10.1007/s11606-013-2744-2. Epub 2014 Jan 29.
Cirillo PM, Cohn BA Pregnancy complications and cardiovascular disease death: 50-year follow-up of the Child Health and Development Studies pregnancy cohort. Circulation. 2015 Sep 29;132(13):1234-42. doi: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.113.003901. Epub 2015 Sep 21.
Hirshberg A, Downes K, Srinivas S Comparing standard office-based follow-up with text-based remote monitoring in the management of postpartum hypertension: a randomised clinical trial. BMJ Qual Saf. 2018 Nov;27(11):871-877. doi: 10.1136/bmjqs-2018-007837. Epub 2018 Apr 27.
Hirshberg A, Sammel MD, Srinivas SK Text message remote monitoring reduced racial disparities in postpartum blood pressure ascertainment. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2019 Sep;221(3):283-285. doi: 10.1016/j.ajog.2019.05.011. Epub 2019 May 20.
Hsiang EY, Mehta SJ, Small DS, Rareshide CAL, Snider CK, Day SC, Patel MS Association of an Active Choice Intervention in the Electronic Health Record Directed to Medical Assistants With Clinician Ordering and Patient Completion of Breast and Colorectal Cancer Screening Tests. JAMA Netw Open. 2019 Nov 1;2(11):e1915619. doi: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2019.15619.
Hutcheon JA, Lisonkova S, Joseph KS Epidemiology of pre-eclampsia and the other hypertensive disorders of pregnancy. Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol. 2011 Aug;25(4):391-403. doi: 10.1016/j.bpobgyn.2011.01.006. Epub 2011 Feb 18. Review.
Levine LD, Nkonde-Price C, Limaye M, Srinivas SK Factors associated with postpartum follow-up and persistent hypertension among women with severe preeclampsia. J Perinatol. 2016 Dec;36(12):1079-1082. doi: 10.1038/jp.2016.137. Epub 2016 Sep 1.
Lewey J, Levine LD, Yang L, Triebwasser JE, Groeneveld PW Patterns of Postpartum Ambulatory Care Follow-up Care Among Women With Hypertensive Disorders of Pregnancy. J Am Heart Assoc. 2020 Sep;9(17):e016357. doi: 10.1161/JAHA.120.016357. Epub 2020 Aug 27.
Patel MS, Navathe AS, Liao JM Using Nudges to Improve Value by Increasing Imaging-Based Cancer Screening. J Am Coll Radiol. 2020 Jan;17(1 Pt A):38-41. doi: 10.1016/j.jacr.2019.08.025. Epub 2019 Sep 18.
Timpka S, Stuart JJ, Tanz LJ, Rimm EB, Franks PW, Rich-Edwards JW Lifestyle in progression from hypertensive disorders of pregnancy to chronic hypertension in Nurses' Health Study II: observational cohort study. BMJ. 2017 Jul 12;358:j3024. doi: 10.1136/bmj.j3024.
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.