Beals E, Deierlein A, Katzow M Clinical interventions to increase vegetable intake in children. Curr Opin Pediatr. 2023 Feb 1;35(1):138-146. doi: 10.1097/MOP.0000000000001203. Epub 2022 Nov 17.
Bendor CD, Bardugo A, Pinhas-Hamiel O, Afek A, Twig G Cardiovascular morbidity, diabetes and cancer risk among children and adolescents with severe obesity. Cardiovasc Diabetol. 2020 Jun 13;19(1):79. doi: 10.1186/s12933-020-01052-1.
Diabetes Prevention Program (DPP) Research Group The Diabetes Prevention Program (DPP): description of lifestyle intervention. Diabetes Care. 2002 Dec;25(12):2165-71. doi: 10.2337/diacare.25.12.2165.
Fryar CD, Kruszon-Moran D, Gu Q, Ogden CL Mean Body Weight, Height, Waist Circumference, and Body Mass Index Among Adults: United States, 1999-2000 Through 2015-2016. Natl Health Stat Report. 2018 Dec;(122):1-16.
Gallo S, Cheskin LJ Treatment of Obesity: Beyond the Diet. Gastroenterol Clin North Am. 2021 Mar;50(1):113-125. doi: 10.1016/j.gtc.2020.10.003. Epub 2021 Jan 5.
Hu EY, Ramachandran S, Bhattacharya K, Nunna S Obesity Among High School Students in the United States: Risk Factors and Their Population Attributable Fraction. Prev Chronic Dis. 2018 Nov 8;15:E137. doi: 10.5888/pcd15.180122.
International Pediatric Endosurgery Group (IPEG) IPEG guidelines for surgical treatment of extremely obese adolescents. J Laparoendosc Adv Surg Tech A. 2009 Apr;19 Suppl 1:xiv-xvi. doi: 10.1089/lap.2009.9981.supp. No abstract available.
Kakinami L, Houle-Johnson SA, Demissie Z, Santosa S, Fulton JE Meeting fruit and vegetable consumption and physical activity recommendations among adolescents intending to lose weight. Prev Med Rep. 2018 Oct 28;13:11-15. doi: 10.1016/j.pmedr.2018.10.021. eCollection 2019 Mar.
Kelley CP, Sbrocco G, Sbrocco T Behavioral Modification for the Management of Obesity. Prim Care. 2016 Mar;43(1):159-75, x. doi: 10.1016/j.pop.2015.10.004.
Mitchell TB, Amaro CM, Steele RG Pediatric Weight Management Interventions in Primary Care Settings: A Meta-Analysis. Health Psychol. 2016 Apr 18. doi: 10.1037/hea0000381. Online ahead of print.
Okoli A, Hanlon EC, Brady MJ The Relationship between Sleep, Obesity, and Metabolic Health in Adolescents - a Review. Curr Opin Endocr Metab Res. 2021 Apr;17:15-19. doi: 10.1016/j.coemr.2020.10.007. Epub 2020 Nov 4.
Rupp K, McCoy SM Bullying Perpetration and Victimization among Adolescents with Overweight and Obesity in a Nationally Representative Sample. Child Obes. 2019 Jul;15(5):323-330. doi: 10.1089/chi.2018.0233. Epub 2019 May 7.
Smith JD, Fu E, Kobayashi MA Prevention and Management of Childhood Obesity and Its Psychological and Health Comorbidities. Annu Rev Clin Psychol. 2020 May 7;16:351-378. doi: 10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-100219-060201. Epub 2020 Feb 25.
Wallace AS, Wang D, Shin JI, Selvin E Screening and Diagnosis of Prediabetes and Diabetes in US Children and Adolescents. Pediatrics. 2020 Sep;146(3):e20200265. doi: 10.1542/peds.2020-0265. Epub 2020 Aug 10.
Wang Y, Beydoun MA, Min J, Xue H, Kaminsky LA, Cheskin LJ Has the prevalence of overweight, obesity and central obesity levelled off in the United States? Trends, patterns, disparities, and future projections for the obesity epidemic. Int J Epidemiol. 2020 Jun 1;49(3):810-823. doi: 10.1093/ije/dyz273.
Whitehead L, Glass CC, Abel SL, Sharp K, Coppell KJ Exploring the role of goal setting in weight loss for adults recently diagnosed with pre-diabetes. BMC Nurs. 2020 Jul 15;19:67. doi: 10.1186/s12912-020-00462-6. eCollection 2020.
Wilfley DE, Kass AE, Kolko RP Counseling and behavior change in pediatric obesity. Pediatr Clin North Am. 2011 Dec;58(6):1403-24, x. doi: 10.1016/j.pcl.2011.09.014.
Williams CF, Bustamante EE, Waller JL, Davis CL Exercise effects on quality of life, mood, and self-worth in overweight children: the SMART randomized controlled trial. Transl Behav Med. 2019 May 16;9(3):451-459. doi: 10.1093/tbm/ibz015.
Impact of SMART GOAL Setting Protocol on Body Weight and Metabolic Parameters in Children and Adolescents With Prediabetes; a Randomized Clinical Trial.
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.