Postoperative Pain — Postoperative Pain After Using Er,Cr,YSGG Lazer Irradiation During Root Canal Treatment
Citation(s)
Arias A, de la Macorra JC, Hidalgo JJ, Azabal M Predictive models of pain following root canal treatment: a prospective clinical study. Int Endod J. 2013 Aug;46(8):784-93. doi: 10.1111/iej.12059. Epub 2013 Feb 12.
Christo JE, Zilm PS, Sullivan T, Cathro PR Efficacy of low concentrations of sodium hypochlorite and low-powered Er,Cr:YSGG laser activated irrigation against an Enterococcus faecalis biofilm. Int Endod J. 2016 Mar;49(3):279-86. doi: 10.1111/iej.12447. Epub 2015 Apr 1.
Dewsnup N, Pileggi R, Haddix J, Nair U, Walker C, Varella CH Comparison of bacterial reduction in straight and curved canals using erbium, chromium:yttrium-scandium-gallium-garnet laser treatment versus a traditional irrigation technique with sodium hypochlorite. J Endod. 2010 Apr;36(4):725-8. doi: 10.1016/j.joen.2009.11.017. Epub 2010 Feb 6.
Figini L, Lodi G, Gorni F, Gagliani M Single versus multiple visits for endodontic treatment of permanent teeth: a Cochrane systematic review. J Endod. 2008 Sep;34(9):1041-7. doi: 10.1016/j.joen.2008.06.009. Review.
Postoperative Pain After Using Er,Cr: YSGG Laser Irradiation Versus NaOCl Irrigation: A Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.
