Postoperative Pain — Levobupivacaine to the Surgical Wound Following Cesarean
Citation(s)
Bamigboye AA, Hofmeyr GJ Caesarean section wound infiltration with local anaesthesia for postoperative pain relief - any benefit? S Afr Med J. 2010 May 4;100(5):313-9. Review.
Bamigboye AA, Hofmeyr GJ Local anaesthetic wound infiltration and abdominal nerves block during caesarean section for postoperative pain relief. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2009 Jul 8;(3):CD006954. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD006954.pub2. Review.
Dahl JB, Møiniche S, Kehlet H Wound infiltration with local anaesthetics for postoperative pain relief. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand. 1994 Jan;38(1):7-14. Review.
Liu SS, Richman JM, Thirlby RC, Wu CL Efficacy of continuous wound catheters delivering local anesthetic for postoperative analgesia: a quantitative and qualitative systematic review of randomized controlled trials. J Am Coll Surg. 2006 Dec;203(6):914-32. Epub 2006 Oct 25. Review.
Mecklem DW, Humphrey MD, Hicks RW Efficacy of bupivacaine delivered by wound catheter for post-Caesarean section analgesia. Aust N Z J Obstet Gynaecol. 1995 Nov;35(4):416-21.
Møiniche S, Mikkelsen S, Wetterslev J, Dahl JB A qualitative systematic review of incisional local anaesthesia for postoperative pain relief after abdominal operations. Br J Anaesth. 1998 Sep;81(3):377-83.
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.
