Postoperative Pain — Pediatric Tonsillectomy Pain Reduction Study
Citation(s)
Cucchiaro G, Ganesh A The effects of clonidine on postoperative analgesia after peripheral nerve blockade in children. Anesth Analg. 2007 Mar;104(3):532-7.
Giannoni C, White S, Enneking FK, Morey T Ropivacaine with or without clonidine improves pediatric tonsillectomy pain. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2001 Oct;127(10):1265-70.
McCartney CJ, Duggan E, Apatu E Should we add clonidine to local anesthetic for peripheral nerve blockade? A qualitative systematic review of the literature. Reg Anesth Pain Med. 2007 Jul-Aug;32(4):330-8. Review.
Naja MZ, El-Rajab M, Kabalan W, Ziade MF, Al-Tannir MA Pre-incisional infiltration for pediatric tonsillectomy: a randomized double-blind clinical trial. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol. 2005 Oct;69(10):1333-41. Epub 2005 Apr 22.
Pediatric Tonsillectomy Pain Reduction Study, a Randomized, Placebo Controlled, Double-Blind Clinical Trial Using Clonidine and Local Anesthetics
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.
