Dionne RA, Gordon SM Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs for acute pain control. Dent Clin North Am. 1994 Oct;38(4):645-67. Review.
Ganzber S Analgesics: opioids and nonopioids. In: Ciancio S, ed. ADA guide to dental therapeutics. Chicago: ADA Publishing; 1998:80-107.
Little RC, Ginsburg JM The physiologic basis for clinical edema. Arch Intern Med. 1984 Aug;144(8):1661-4.
Mehlisch DR The efficacy of combination analgesic therapy in relieving dental pain. J Am Dent Assoc. 2002 Jul;133(7):861-71. Review.
Schultze-Mosgau S, Schmelzeisen R, Frölich JC, Schmele H Use of ibuprofen and methylprednisolone for the prevention of pain and swelling after removal of impacted third molars. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 1995 Jan;53(1):2-7; discussion 7-8.
Troullos ES, Hargreaves KM, Butler DP, Dionne RA Comparison of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, ibuprofen and flurbiprofen, with methylprednisolone and placebo for acute pain, swelling, and trismus. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 1990 Sep;48(9):945-52.
Urquhart E Analgesic agents and strategies in the dental pain model. J Dent. 1994 Dec;22(6):336-41. Review.
van Gool AV, Ten Bosch JJ, Boering G Clinical consequences of complaints and complications after removal of the mandibular third molar. Int J Oral Surg. 1977 Feb;6(1):29-37.
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.
