Postoperative Delirium — Risk Assessment for Postoperative Delirium
Citation(s)
Adamis D, Rooney S, Meagher D, Mulligan O, McCarthy G A comparison of delirium diagnosis in elderly medical inpatients using the CAM, DRS-R98, DSM-IV and DSM-5 criteria. Int Psychogeriatr. 2015 Jun;27(6):883-9. doi: 10.1017/S1041610214002853. Epub 2015 Jan 20.
Carvalho JP, de Almeida AR, Gusmao-Flores D Delirium rating scales in critically ill patients: a systematic literature review. Rev Bras Ter Intensiva. 2013 Apr-Jun;25(2):148-54. doi: 10.5935/0103-507X.20130026. Review. English, Portuguese.
Dasgupta M, Dumbrell AC Preoperative risk assessment for delirium after noncardiac surgery: a systematic review. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2006 Oct;54(10):1578-89. Review.
Dasgupta M, Hillier LM Factors associated with prolonged delirium: a systematic review. Int Psychogeriatr. 2010 May;22(3):373-94. doi: 10.1017/S1041610209991517. Epub 2010 Jan 21. Review.
Egerházi A, Berecz R, Bartók E, Degrell I Automated Neuropsychological Test Battery (CANTAB) in mild cognitive impairment and in Alzheimer's disease. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry. 2007 Apr 13;31(3):746-51. Epub 2007 Jan 16.
Falleti MG, Maruff P, Collie A, Darby DG Practice effects associated with the repeated assessment of cognitive function using the CogState battery at 10-minute, one week and one month test-retest intervals. J Clin Exp Neuropsychol. 2006 Oct;28(7):1095-112.
Fillit HM, Simon ES, Doniger GM, Cummings JL Practicality of a computerized system for cognitive assessment in the elderly. Alzheimers Dement. 2008 Jan;4(1):14-21. doi: 10.1016/j.jalz.2007.09.008.
Folstein MF, Folstein SE, McHugh PR "Mini-mental state". A practical method for grading the cognitive state of patients for the clinician. J Psychiatr Res. 1975 Nov;12(3):189-98.
Grover S, Kate N Assessment scales for delirium: A review. World J Psychiatry. 2012 Aug 22;2(4):58-70. doi: 10.5498/wjp.v2.i4.58. Review.
Gualtieri CT, Johnson LG Reliability and validity of a computerized neurocognitive test battery, CNS Vital Signs. Arch Clin Neuropsychol. 2006 Oct;21(7):623-43. Epub 2006 Oct 2.
Koster S, Hensens AG, Oosterveld FG, Wijma A, van der Palen J The delirium observation screening scale recognizes delirium early after cardiac surgery. Eur J Cardiovasc Nurs. 2009 Oct;8(4):309-14. doi: 10.1016/j.ejcnurse.2009.02.006. Epub 2009 Mar 12.
Levinson D, Reeves D, Watson J, Harrison M Automated neuropsychological assessment metrics (ANAM) measures of cognitive effects of Alzheimer's disease. Arch Clin Neuropsychol. 2005 May;20(3):403-8.
Long LS, Shapiro WA, Leung JM A brief review of practical preoperative cognitive screening tools. Can J Anaesth. 2012 Aug;59(8):798-804. doi: 10.1007/s12630-012-9737-1. Epub 2012 May 26. Review.
Steiner LA Postoperative delirium. Part 1: pathophysiology and risk factors. Eur J Anaesthesiol. 2011 Sep;28(9):628-36. doi: 10.1097/EJA.0b013e328349b7f5. Review.
Tornatore JB, Hill E, Laboff JA, McGann ME Self-administered screening for mild cognitive impairment: initial validation of a computerized test battery. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2005 Winter;17(1):98-105.
Trzepacz PT, Mittal D, Torres R, Kanary K, Norton J, Jimerson N Validation of the Delirium Rating Scale-revised-98: comparison with the delirium rating scale and the cognitive test for delirium. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2001 Spring;13(2):229-42. Erratum in: J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci 2001 Summer;13(3):433.
Wild K, Howieson D, Webbe F, Seelye A, Kaye J Status of computerized cognitive testing in aging: a systematic review. Alzheimers Dement. 2008 Nov;4(6):428-37. doi: 10.1016/j.jalz.2008.07.003. Review.
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.