Postoperative Complications — Post Operative Cognitive Dysfunction
Citation(s)
BEDFORD PD Adverse cerebral effects of anaesthesia on old people. Lancet. 1955 Aug 6;269(6884):259-63. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(55)92689-1. No abstract available.
Krenk L, Rasmussen LS Postoperative delirium and postoperative cognitive dysfunction in the elderly - what are the differences? Minerva Anestesiol. 2011 Jul;77(7):742-9.
Price CC, Garvan CW, Monk TG Type and severity of cognitive decline in older adults after noncardiac surgery. Anesthesiology. 2008 Jan;108(1):8-17. doi: 10.1097/01.anes.0000296072.02527.18.
Rasmussen LS Postoperative cognitive dysfunction: incidence and prevention. Best Pract Res Clin Anaesthesiol. 2006 Jun;20(2):315-30. doi: 10.1016/j.bpa.2005.10.011.
Spiegel DR, Chen V A case of postoperative cognitive decline, with a highly elevated C- reactive protein, status post left ventricular assist device insertion: a review of the neuroinflammatory hypothesis of delirium. Innov Clin Neurosci. 2012 Jan;9(1):35-41.
Impact of Anesthesia Surgical Procedure on the Development of Long-term Cognitive Dysfunction
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.
