Bryan CJ, Morrow CE, Etienne N, Ray-Sannerud B Guilt, shame, and suicidal ideation in a military outpatient clinical sample. Depress Anxiety. 2013 Jan;30(1):55-60. doi: 10.1002/da.22002. Epub 2012 Oct 17.
Cameron IM, Crawford JR, Lawton K, Reid IC Psychometric comparison of PHQ-9 and HADS for measuring depression severity in primary care. Br J Gen Pract. 2008 Jan;58(546):32-6. doi: 10.3399/bjgp08X263794.
Fontana A, Rosenheck R, Brett E War zone traumas and posttraumatic stress disorder symptomatology. J Nerv Ment Dis. 1992 Dec;180(12):748-55.
Friedman MJ Posttraumatic stress disorder among military returnees from Afghanistan and Iraq. Am J Psychiatry. 2006 Apr;163(4):586-93.
Frost ND, Laska KM, Wampold BE The evidence for present-centered therapy as a treatment for posttraumatic stress disorder. J Trauma Stress. 2014 Feb;27(1):1-8. doi: 10.1002/jts.21881. Review.
Gerger H, Munder T, Barth J Specific and nonspecific psychological interventions for PTSD symptoms: a meta-analysis with problem complexity as a moderator. J Clin Psychol. 2014 Jul;70(7):601-15. doi: 10.1002/jclp.22059. Epub 2013 Dec 18.
Germer CK, Neff KD Self-compassion in clinical practice. J Clin Psychol. 2013 Aug;69(8):856-67. doi: 10.1002/jclp.22021. Epub 2013 Jun 17.
Hofmann SG, Grossman P, Hinton DE Loving-kindness and compassion meditation: potential for psychological interventions. Clin Psychol Rev. 2011 Nov;31(7):1126-32. doi: 10.1016/j.cpr.2011.07.003. Epub 2011 Jul 26. Review.
Hoge CW, Auchterlonie JL, Milliken CS Mental health problems, use of mental health services, and attrition from military service after returning from deployment to Iraq or Afghanistan. JAMA. 2006 Mar 1;295(9):1023-32.
Litz BT, Engel CC, Bryant RA, Papa A A randomized, controlled proof-of-concept trial of an Internet-based, therapist-assisted self-management treatment for posttraumatic stress disorder. Am J Psychiatry. 2007 Nov;164(11):1676-83.
McDonald SD, Calhoun PS The diagnostic accuracy of the PTSD checklist: a critical review. Clin Psychol Rev. 2010 Dec;30(8):976-87. doi: 10.1016/j.cpr.2010.06.012. Epub 2010 Jul 6. Review.
McFall M, Fontana A, Raskind M, Rosenheck R Analysis of violent behavior in Vietnam combat veteran psychiatric inpatients with posttraumatic stress disorder. J Trauma Stress. 1999 Jul;12(3):501-17.
Moher D, Schulz KF, Altman DG; CONSORT Group The CONSORT statement: revised recommendations for improving the quality of reports of parallel-group randomised trials. Clin Oral Investig. 2003 Mar;7(1):2-7. Epub 2003 Jan 31.
Nash WP, Litz BT Moral injury: a mechanism for war-related psychological trauma in military family members. Clin Child Fam Psychol Rev. 2013 Dec;16(4):365-75. doi: 10.1007/s10567-013-0146-y. Review.
Pivar IL, Field NP Unresolved grief in combat veterans with PTSD. J Anxiety Disord. 2004;18(6):745-55.
Popiel A, Zawadzki B Trauma Related Guilt Inventory - psychometric properties of the Polish adaptation (TRGI-PL). Psychiatr Pol. 2015;49(5):1089-99. doi: 10.12740/PP/36754. English, Polish.
Rodriguez P, Holowka DW, Marx BP Assessment of posttraumatic stress disorder-related functional impairment: a review. J Rehabil Res Dev. 2012;49(5):649-65. Review.
Samper RE, Taft CT, King DW, King LA Posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms and parenting satisfaction among a national sample of male vietnam veterans. J Trauma Stress. 2004 Aug;17(4):311-5.
Savarese VW, Suvak MK, King LA, King DW Relationships among alcohol use, hyperarousal, and marital abuse and violence in Vietnam veterans. J Trauma Stress. 2001 Oct;14(4):717-32.
Schnurr PP, Hayes AF, Lunney CA, McFall M, Uddo M Longitudinal analysis of the relationship between symptoms and quality of life in veterans treated for posttraumatic stress disorder. J Consult Clin Psychol. 2006 Aug;74(4):707-13.
Schnurr PP, Lunney CA Exploration of gender differences in how quality of life relates to posttraumatic stress disorder in male and female veterans. J Rehabil Res Dev. 2008;45(3):383-93.
Shea MT, Vujanovic AA, Mansfield AK, Sevin E, Liu F Posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms and functional impairment among OEF and OIF National Guard and Reserve veterans. J Trauma Stress. 2010 Feb;23(1):100-7. doi: 10.1002/jts.20497.
Sheehan KH, Sheehan DV Assessing treatment effects in clinical trials with the discan metric of the Sheehan Disability Scale. Int Clin Psychopharmacol. 2008 Mar;23(2):70-83. doi: 10.1097/YIC.0b013e3282f2b4d6. Review.
Steenkamp MM, Litz BT Psychotherapy for military-related posttraumatic stress disorder: review of the evidence. Clin Psychol Rev. 2013 Feb;33(1):45-53. doi: 10.1016/j.cpr.2012.10.002. Epub 2012 Oct 13. Review.
Straus MA, Douglas EM A short form of the Revised Conflict Tactics Scales, and typologies for severity and mutuality. Violence Vict. 2004 Oct;19(5):507-20.
Vogt D, Smith BN, King LA, King DW, Knight J, Vasterling JJ Deployment risk and resilience inventory-2 (DRRI-2): an updated tool for assessing psychosocial risk and resilience factors among service members and veterans. J Trauma Stress. 2013 Dec;26(6):710-7.
Vogt DS, Proctor SP, King DW, King LA, Vasterling JJ Validation of scales from the Deployment Risk and Resilience Inventory in a sample of Operation Iraqi Freedom veterans. Assessment. 2008 Dec;15(4):391-403. doi: 10.1177/1073191108316030. Epub 2008 Apr 24.
Weathers FW, Keane TM, Davidson JR Clinician-administered PTSD scale: a review of the first ten years of research. Depress Anxiety. 2001;13(3):132-56. Review.
Psychosocial Rehabilitation After Moral Injury and Loss With Adaptive Disclosure
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.