Post Traumatic Stress Disorder — Multi-session fMRI-Neurofeedback in PTSD
Citation(s)
American Psychiatric Association (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.). https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.books.9780890425596
Beck AT, Guth D, Steer RA, Ball R Screening for major depression disorders in medical inpatients with the Beck Depression Inventory for Primary Care. Behav Res Ther. 1997 Aug;35(8):785-91. doi: 10.1016/s0005-7967(97)00025-9.
Blevins CA, Weathers FW, Davis MT, Witte TK, Domino JL The Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Checklist for DSM-5 (PCL-5): Development and Initial Psychometric Evaluation. J Trauma Stress. 2015 Dec;28(6):489-98. doi: 10.1002/jts.22059. Epub 2015 Nov 25.
Briere J, Weathers FW, Runtz M Is dissociation a multidimensional construct? Data from the Multiscale Dissociation Inventory. J Trauma Stress. 2005 Jun;18(3):221-31. doi: 10.1002/jts.20024.
Hopper, J W., Frewen, P. A., Sack, M., Lanius, R. A., & van der Kolk, B. A. (2007). The responses to Script-Driven Imagery Scale (RSDI): Assessment of state posttraumatic symptoms for psychobiological and treatment research. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 29(4), 249-268. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10862-007-9046-0
Lovibond PF, Lovibond SH The structure of negative emotional states: comparison of the Depression Anxiety Stress Scales (DASS) with the Beck Depression and Anxiety Inventories. Behav Res Ther. 1995 Mar;33(3):335-43. doi: 10.1016/0005-7967(94)00075-u.
Morin CM, Belleville G, Belanger L, Ivers H The Insomnia Severity Index: psychometric indicators to detect insomnia cases and evaluate treatment response. Sleep. 2011 May 1;34(5):601-8. doi: 10.1093/sleep/34.5.601.
Ros T, J Baars B, Lanius RA, Vuilleumier P Tuning pathological brain oscillations with neurofeedback: a systems neuroscience framework. Front Hum Neurosci. 2014 Dec 18;8:1008. doi: 10.3389/fnhum.2014.01008. eCollection 2014.
Weathers, F W., Litz, B. T., Keane, T. M., Palmieri, P. A., Marx, B. P., & Schnurr, P. P. (2013). The ptsd checklist for dsm-5 (pcl-5). Scale available from the National Center for PTSD at www. ptsd. va. gov, 10(4), 206.
Self-regulation of Post-traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) Neurocircuitry Using Multiple Sessions of Real-Time Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (RtfMRI)
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.
