Jasinska AJ, Zorick T, Brody AL, Stein EA Dual role of nicotine in addiction and cognition: a review of neuroimaging studies in humans. Neuropharmacology. 2014 Sep;84:111-22. doi: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2013.02.015. Epub 2013 Mar 6. Review.
Potenza MN, Brody AL Commentary on Boileau et al. (2013): Distinguishing D2/D3 dopaminergic contributions to addictions. Addiction. 2013 May;108(5):964-5. doi: 10.1111/add.12119.
Storage S, Mandelkern MA, Phuong J, Kozman M, Neary MK, Brody AL A positive relationship between harm avoidance and brain nicotinic acetylcholine receptor availability. Psychiatry Res. 2013 Dec 30;214(3):415-21. doi: 10.1016/j.pscychresns.2013.07.010. Epub 2013 Oct 19.
Xie J, Douglas PK, Wu YN, Brody AL, Anderson AE Decoding the encoding of functional brain networks: An fMRI classification comparison of non-negative matrix factorization (NMF), independent component analysis (ICA), and sparse coding algorithms. J Neurosci Methods. 2017 Apr 15;282:81-94. doi: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2017.03.008. Epub 2017 Mar 18.
Xu J, Fregni F, Brody AL, Rahman AS Transcranial direct current stimulation reduces negative affect but not cigarette craving in overnight abstinent smokers. Front Psychiatry. 2013 Sep 20;4:112. doi: 10.3389/fpsyt.2013.00112. eCollection 2013.
Zorick T, Mandelkern MA, Brody AL A naturalistic study of the association between antidepressant treatment and outcome of smoking cessation treatment. J Clin Psychiatry. 2014 Dec;75(12):e1433-8. doi: 10.4088/JCP.14m09012.
Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor Density and Veteran Cigarette Smokers
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.
