Polypharmacy — Preemptive Pharmacogenomics Testing Among Geriatric Patients
Citation(s)
Bain KT, Matos A, Knowlton CH, McGain D Genetic variants and interactions from a pharmacist-led pharmacogenomics service for PACE. Pharmacogenomics. 2019 Jul;20(10):709-718. doi: 10.2217/pgs-2019-0047. Epub 2019 Aug 1.
Bain KT, Schwartz EJ, Knowlton OV, Knowlton CH, Turgeon J Implementation of a pharmacist-led pharmacogenomics service for the Program of All-Inclusive Care for the Elderly (PHARM-GENOME-PACE). J Am Pharm Assoc (2003). 2018 May-Jun;58(3):281-289.e1. doi: 10.1016/j.japh.2018.02.011. Epub 2018 Mar 27.
Dong OM, Wheeler SB, Cruden G, Lee CR, Voora D, Dusetzina SB, Wiltshire T Cost-Effectiveness of Multigene Pharmacogenetic Testing in Patients With Acute Coronary Syndrome After Percutaneous Coronary Intervention. Value Health. 2020 Jan;23(1):61-73. doi: 10.1016/j.jval.2019.08.002. Epub 2019 Sep 25.
Yang Y, Botton MR, Scott ER, Scott SA Sequencing the CYP2D6 gene: from variant allele discovery to clinical pharmacogenetic testing. Pharmacogenomics. 2017 May;18(7):673-685. doi: 10.2217/pgs-2017-0033. Epub 2017 May 4.
Implementation and Evaluation of Preemptive Pharmacogenomics Testing in an Aging Population
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.
