Pneumothorax — Interventional Treatment of Refractory Pneumothorax by Bronchoscope
Citation(s)
Bialas RC, Weiner TM, Phillips JD Video-assisted thoracic surgery for primary spontaneous pneumothorax in children: is there an optimal technique? J Pediatr Surg. 2008 Dec;43(12):2151-5. doi: 10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2008.08.041.
Gilbert CR, Toth JW, Osman U, Reed MF Endobronchial valve placement as destination therapy for recurrent pneumothorax in the setting of advanced malignancy. Respir Care. 2015 Mar;60(3):e46-8. doi: 10.4187/respcare.03540. Epub 2014 Oct 21.
Lin XM, Lin CX, Chi C [Application of absorbable Neoveil patch in operation on refractory pneumothorax in silicosis patients]. Zhonghua Lao Dong Wei Sheng Zhi Ye Bing Za Zhi. 2010 Jan;28(1):60-1. Chinese.
Lin XM, Liu Y, Chi C, Lin CX, Yang Y Efficacy of an absorbable polyglycolic acid patch in surgery for pneumothorax due to silicosis. J Cardiothorac Surg. 2012 Mar 6;7:18. doi: 10.1186/1749-8090-7-18.
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.
