Pneumonia — Trial of MRSA Polymerase Chain Reaction for Pneumonia
Citation(s)
American Thoracic Society; Infectious Diseases Society of America Guidelines for the management of adults with hospital-acquired, ventilator-associated, and healthcare-associated pneumonia. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2005 Feb 15;171(4):388-416. doi: 10.1164/rccm.200405-644ST. No abstract available.
Cercenado E, Marin M, Burillo A, Martin-Rabadan P, Rivera M, Bouza E Rapid detection of Staphylococcus aureus in lower respiratory tract secretions from patients with suspected ventilator-associated pneumonia: evaluation of the Cepheid Xpert MRSA/SA SSTI assay. J Clin Microbiol. 2012 Dec;50(12):4095-7. doi: 10.1128/JCM.02409-12. Epub 2012 Sep 19.
Goff DA, Jankowski C, Tenover FC Using rapid diagnostic tests to optimize antimicrobial selection in antimicrobial stewardship programs. Pharmacotherapy. 2012 Aug;32(8):677-87. doi: 10.1002/j.1875-9114.2012.01137.x.
Haley CC, Mittal D, Laviolette A, Jannapureddy S, Parvez N, Haley RW Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infection or colonization present at hospital admission: multivariable risk factor screening to increase efficiency of surveillance culturing. J Clin Microbiol. 2007 Sep;45(9):3031-8. doi: 10.1128/JCM.00315-07. Epub 2007 Jul 11.
Kollef MH, Micek ST Strategies to prevent antimicrobial resistance in the intensive care unit. Crit Care Med. 2005 Aug;33(8):1845-53. doi: 10.1097/01.ccm.0000171849.04952.79.
Oh AC, Lee JK, Lee HN, Hong YJ, Chang YH, Hong SI, Kim DH Clinical utility of the Xpert MRSA assay for early detection of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Mol Med Rep. 2013 Jan;7(1):11-5. doi: 10.3892/mmr.2012.1121. Epub 2012 Oct 9.
Raman K, Nailor MD, Nicolau DP, Aslanzadeh J, Nadeau M, Kuti JL Early antibiotic discontinuation in patients with clinically suspected ventilator-associated pneumonia and negative quantitative bronchoscopy cultures. Crit Care Med. 2013 Jul;41(7):1656-63. doi: 10.1097/CCM.0b013e318287f713.
Rimawi RH, Mazer MA, Siraj DS, Gooch M, Cook PP Impact of regular collaboration between infectious diseases and critical care practitioners on antimicrobial utilization and patient outcome. Crit Care Med. 2013 Sep;41(9):2099-107. doi: 10.1097/CCM.0b013e31828e9863.
Salgado CD, Farr BM, Calfee DP Community-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus: a meta-analysis of prevalence and risk factors. Clin Infect Dis. 2003 Jan 15;36(2):131-9. doi: 10.1086/345436. Epub 2003 Jan 3.
Wunderink RG How important is methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus as a cause of community-acquired pneumonia and what is best antimicrobial therapy? Infect Dis Clin North Am. 2013 Mar;27(1):177-88. doi: 10.1016/j.idc.2012.11.006. Epub 2012 Dec 14.
Rapid Diagnostic Testing to Guide Antibiotic Therapy in Drug Resistant Pneumonia
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.
